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Modernism (effects (arts (literature (movements (imagism (Ezra Pound…

- - - - the machinery of modern society is perceived as impersonal, capitalist, and antagonistic to the artistic impulse :lock:
  - - - desire to "break with established forms & subjects in art & literature" :lock:
- - - - movements
        
        cubism
        
        Pablo Picasso
        
        Les Demoiselles d'Avignon
        
        strong roots in African tribal art :lock:
        
        geometrical forms and fragmentations are favored :lock:
        
        surrealism
        
        Salvador Dali
        
        The Persistence of Memory
        
        emphasizes the unconscious, the importance of dreams, the psychological aspect in arts :lock:
        
        minimalism
        
        Frank Stella
        
        Hyena Stomp
        
        extending the abstract idea that art should have its own reality and not be an imitation of some other thing :lock:
        
        the artist wants the viewer to respond only to what is in front of them :lock:
        
        impressionism
        
        Claude Monet
        
        Path Through the Corn at Pourville
        
        began in Paris as a reaction to a very formal and rigid style of painting :lock:
        
        Impressionist painters preferred to paint outside and studied the effect of light on objects :lock:
    - - movements
        
        futurism
        
        F.T. Marinetti
        
        "Parole in Libertà"
        
        promoted extreme artistic innovation and experimentation, declaring a radical disassociation from the past and a focus on new art, technology, and politics, commonly manifested through primitivism :lock:
        
        imagism
        
        Ezra Pound
        
        "make it new"
        
        "break the pentameter"
        
        emphasized simplicity, clarity of expression, and precision through the use of exacting visual images :lock:
        
        helped to shape later modernism and have had a far-reaching impact on poetic practice in English :lock:
        
        included the use of plain speech, the preference for free verse over closed forms, and above all the creation of the vivid, hard-edged image :lock:
        
        symbolism
        
        T.S. Eliot
        
        "Genuine poetry can communicate before it is understood."
        
        sought to express individual emotional experience through the subtle and suggestive use of highly symbolized language :lock:
      - genres
        
        poetry
        
        mixed slang with elevated language, experimented with free verse, and often studded their works with difficult allusions and disconnected images :lock:
        
        T.S. Eliot
        
        Ezra Pound
        
        Wallace Stevens
        
        novel
        
        explored the Freudian depths of their characters’ psyches through stream of consciousness and interior monologue :lock:
        
        Virginia Woolf
        
        Ernest Hemingway
        
        William Faulkner
        
        James Joyce
    - - stylistic reformations
        
        using punctuation in unconventional ways - i.e. using italics, ellipses, dashes, and line breaks to indicate pauses and shifts in the character's train of thought :lock:
      - main purpose of art: the discovery of truth :lock:
  - - - movements
        
        psychology
        
        Sigmund Freud
        
        Psychoanalytic Theory
        
        interpretation of dreams
        
        discovery of the unconscious
        
        return of the repressed
        
        philosophy
        
        Friedrich Nietzsche
        
        "the death of God"
        
        nihilism
        
        the rejection of all religious and moral principles as the only means of obtaining social progress :lock:
        
        "becoming what one is"
        
        modernists concurred with Nietzsche that art had degenerated because it was too concerned with the rules of form and not enough with the creative energies that lie underneath the surface :lock:
        
        political science
        
        Karl Marx
    - - movements
        
        biology
        
        Charles Darwin
        
        Theory of Evolution
        
        natural selection
    - - movements
        
        physics
        
        Albert Einstein
        
        Theory of Relativity
  - - - world trade, capitalism, cosmopolitanism
        
        new world order
      - xenophobia, isolationism, nationalism
    - - sexuality
        
        androgynous
        
        homosexuality 'invented'
        
        life as a spectrum
      - ethnicity
        
        heritage
      - gender
- - - - the inner workings of consciousness were a common subject for modernists :lock:
        
        the point of view of the novel meanders in a pattern resembling human thought :lock:
    - - example
        
        Gertrude Stein's Melanctha
        
        "You certainly never can learn no way Melanctha ever with all I certainly been telling to you, ever since I know you good, that it ain’t never no way like you do always is the right way you be acting ever and talking, the way I certainly always have seen you do so Melanctha always. I certainly am right Melanctha about them ways you have to do it, and I knows it; but you certainly never can noways learn to act right Melanctha, I certainly do know that, I certainly do my best Melanctha to help you with it only you certainly never do act right Melanctha, not to nobody ever, I can see it. You never act right by me Melanctha no more than by everybody."
        
        repetition as a tool of internal conveyance
  - - - regards the beliefs, needs, well being, and accomplishments of a single person over those of other individuals and of society :lock:
        
        modernist writers were fascinated with how the individual adapted to the changing world :lock:
        
        Ernest Hemingway is especially remembered for vivid characters who accepted their circumstances at face value and persevered :lock:
        
        Writers presented the world or society as a challenge to the integrity of their characters :lock:
    - - freedom of expression in practice
        
        rebellion
        
        partially achieved through music
      - literary example
        
        "wandering" in Melanctha
        
        tool of agency
        
        there is power in Melanctha's imaginative employment
        
        defiance of normativity & gender roles
    - - new method centered on the attempt to capture one's point of view
        
        idea of capturing the global perspective
        
        human condition
        
        a form of speaking for the people
        
        representative perspective
        
        art on behalf of a community
        
        pragmatic exhibition or provocative demonstration
  - - - Virginia Woolf's Mrs. Dalloway
        
        "She had a perpetual sense, as she watched the taxi cabs, of being out, out, far out to sea and alone; she always had the feeling that it was very, very dangerous to live even one day. Not that she thought herself clever, or much out of the ordinary. How she had got through life on the few twigs of knowledge Fraulein Daniels gave them she could not think. She knew nothing; no language, no history; she scarcely read a book now, except memoirs in bed; and yet to her it was absolutely absorbing; all this; the cabs passing; and she would not say of Peter, she would not say of herself, I am this, I am that."
      - T.S. Eliot's "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock"
        
        "I grow old … I grow old …
        I shall wear the bottoms of my trousers rolled. / Shall I part my hair behind? Do I dare to eat a peach? / I shall wear white flannel trousers, and walk upon the beach. / I have heard the mermaids singing, each to each. / I do not think that they will sing to me."
      - James Joyce's Ulysses
        
        "Gibraltar as a girl where I was a Flower of the mountain yes when I put the rose in my hair like the Andalusian girls used or shall I wear a red yes and how he kissed me under the Moorish wall and I thought well as well him as another and then I asked him with my eyes to ask again yes and then he asked me would I yes to say yes my mountain flower and first I put my arms around him yes and drew him down to me so he could feel my breasts all perfume yes and his heart was going like mad and yes I said yes I will Yes."
    - - stream of consciousness is a style or technique of writing that tries to capture the natural flow of a character's extended thought process, often by incorporating sensory impressions, incomplete ideas, unusual syntax, and rough grammar :lock:
        
        seeks to portray the actual experience of thinking, in all its chaos and distraction :lock:
        
        not just an attempt to relay a character's thoughts, but to make the reader experience those thoughts in the same way that the character is thinking them :lock:
        
        originated in psychology before literary critics began using it to describe a narrative style that depicts how people think :lock:
- - - - writers broke with Romantic pieties and clichés (such as the notion of the Sublime) and became self-consciously skeptical of language and its claims on coherence :lock:
- - - - the sophisticated literati looked upon this new popular literature with scorn :lock:
        
        writers who refused to bow to the popular tastes found themselves in a state of alienation from the mainstream of society :lock:
        
        to some extent, this alienation fed into the stereotype of the aloof artist, producing nothing of commercial value for the market :lock:
        
        art for art's sake
- - - - symptom of the changing times
  - - - emotion
    - - Civilization and Its Discontents
        
        in order for man to partake in civilized society, he had had to lay aside many uncivilized urges within the self, such as the natural appetite for adultery, incest, murder, homosexuality, etc., all held as taboos :lock:
      - repression of "natural desires" or urges :lock:
        
        Nella Larsen's Passing
        
        quotes
        
        "Irene wasn't sorry. She was amazed, incredulous almost." Chapter 4
        
        Did Irene kill Clare?
        
        animalistic desire
        
        2 more items...
        
        Did she want to?
        
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        "...had a sudden inexplicable onrush of affectionate feeling." Chapter 2
        
        sexuality, jealousy
        
        intimate complexities of Irene & Clare's ambiguous relationship
        
        "feline"
        
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        Larsen never clarifies whether the affair that Irene obsesses over between Clare and Brian actually takes place, or whether it is a fantasy constructed from Irene’s many other jealousies surrounding Clare :lock:
        
        Larsen portrays Irene’s thoughts about Clare’s beauty and attractiveness as not just appreciative, but obsessive :lock:
  - - - Picasso's African masks
        
        selfish reproduction of tribal art
        
        Guernica
      - Gertrude Stein's interpretation of Black Culture in Melanctha
  - - - bildungsroman
        
        used to demonstrate character development
- - - - innovative techniques embraced black dialect and the rhythms of black music :lock:
        
        jazz, blues
        
        world renowned African American contribution
    - - solution to white appropriation