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AP® Psychology - Course 1 (Part 1 (Contemporary Psychology (Personality…
AP® Psychology - Course 1
Part 1
History of Psychology
Study mind and behavior processes.
Structuralism
Wilhelm Wundt(1832–1920)
First psychologist (German)
First laboratory for psychological research.
" Professor of Empirical Psychology and Logic"(1883)
University of Münster
Introspection
Examine own conscious objectively
Understand structure or characteristics mind
1762–1780
Vicar general Franz Friedrich von Fürstenberg
Mathematics, physics and Psychology as core science taught every school territory
University in Münster (1780)
Authorized by Pope Clement XIV
Ratified by Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II
Ferdinand Ueberwasser(1752–1812)
Professor Philosophy(1783)
Conceptualizad psychology as science of its own
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"Instructions for the regular study of empirical psychology for candidates of philosophy at the University of Münster(1787)"
Methodological foundations of scientific psychology
Overview of relevant psychological phenomena
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University integrated psychological courses curriculum
Students perform repeated self-observation in different contexts
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Emphasize the utility of physiological processes for understanding psychology
Don't created a true fundation and continued tradition for psychology
legacy disappeared
Few references his work
University of Münster closed in 1818
The Revolutionary Wars (1792–1802)
Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815)
Münster falled to Prussia
Philosophy
And three applied faculties
Jurisdiction, Medicine, and Theology
Psychology studied in metaphysics
Modernize state agriculture, public budget, police, military, jurisdiction, and education
Prince-Bishopric of Münster
Suffered during the Seven Years War(1756 – 1763)
Functionalism
William James(1842–1910)
The purpose human conscious and behavior
Psychoanalytic theory
Sigmund Freud(1856–1939)
Free associate
Root out Repressed feelings
Access the Unconscious mind
Understand Unconscious mind
Gestalt psychology
Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka , Wolfgang Köhler (1880-1945)
The whole has a reality of its own
Independet on the parts
Opposed to structuralism
Behavorism
Pavlov (1849–1936)
Reflex response to a stimulus
John B. Watson (1878–1958)
F
ather of behaviorism
B. F. Skinner (1904–1990)
Skinner box
Lever
behavior indicator
Positive reinforcement behavior (food)
Negative reinforcement behavior(Noise, Light)
Humanism
Good innate to all humans.
Abraham Maslow (1908–1970)
Carl Rogers (1902–1987)
Client-centered therapy
Patient taking a lead role
Personal Growth
The Cognitive Revolution
Study mind and it's processes
Multicultural Psychology
Impacts Social Psychology
Contemporary Psychology
Biopsychology
How biology influences behavior
How nervous system is related to behavior
Motor systems, sleep, drug use, abuse etc.
Evolutionary psychology
Ultimate biological causes of behavior
Sensation and Perception
How information from our senses is received
Cognitive psychology
Study mental processes(Attention, memory, thinking)
Developmental psychology
Development across a lifespan.
Personality psychology
Patterns of thoughts and behaviors
Five Factor model
Stable over lifespan
Personality trait
Consistent pattern of thought and behavior
Social psychology
Interaction and relation with others
Industrial-Organizational psychology
Apply psychology in industrial and organizational settings
Health psychology
Help people live healthier lives
Sport and exercise psychology
Psychological aspects of sport performance
Effects of sport on mental and emotional wellbeing.
Clinical psychology
Diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders
Problematic behavioral patterns
Counseling psychology
Improves individuals life
Forensic psychology
Justice system
Part 2
Research Methods
Why Is Research Important?
Scientific knowledge is empirical
Tangible evidence that can be repeated
Scientific method
Approaches to Research
Clinical or case studies
One person or few individuals
Deep understanding individuals and particular phenomenon
Problems
Can't generalize
Naturalistic Observation
Behavior in its natural setting
Problems
Hard to do
Observer bias
Align outcome with observer expectations
Surveys
Problems
May lie
Wording effect
Limited depth
Large people
Can generalize
Archival Research
Use existing records
Problems
No guarantee of consistency between records
Longitudinal research
Test same group people repeatedly over time
Problems
Require time and money
Cross-sectional research
Compares multiple segments the population at same time
Ethics
Involving humans
IRB (institutional review board)
Review experimental proposals that involve humans
Informed consent
Describing exactly what participants will be doing
Deception
Misleading experiment participants for research integrity
Debriefing
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Involving animals
IACUC (Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee)
Minimizes pain and distress
Reviews research involving non-human animals
Pseudosciense
Anecdotal evidence
Personal testimony
Correlation
Don't predict causality
Part 3
Research Methods II
Scientific experiment
Stablish cause-effect
Between-subject
Experimental group vs Control group
Operational definition
Description used to measure dependent variable
Independent Variable
Controle scientist
Dependent variable
Reaction of the independent
Random sample
Equal chance selected
Within-Subject
Same group
Quasi-experiment
Without random assignment
Imoral
