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Week 8 (Health Advocate and Professional Theme (First responders - In all…

- - - - This process contains the investment phase where 2 ATPs are added to the process to get it started. Then the cleavage phase begins where the glucose-6-phosphate is cleaved into two glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate molecules. These molecules then go through identical processes through the energy release phase in order to form two pyruvate molecules and 4 ATP molecules (with a net gain of 2 ATPs)
    - - In the gluconeogenesis of amino acids, amino acids (most commonly alanine and glutamine) are converted to pyruvate, which is the starting molecule for gluconeogenesis. However, in this process, ammonia (a highly acidic and toxic) molecule is released. To limit its destruction, the ammonia is converted to urea and then sent through the bloodstream to the kidneys to then be excreted out with urine. In terms of glycerol, it is first converted to glycerol-6-phosphate and then to dihydroxyacetone phosphate which is a molecule that is part of the gluconeogenesis process. This means that it can be converted to glucose. Finally, lactate is formed in skeletal muscle due to the process of anaerobic respiration. Lactate can be converted to pyruvate, which then means it can go through gluconeogenesis to form glucose
    - - The process of glycogenolysis occurs when the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase is dephosphorylated. This allow for a glucose-1-phosphate molecule to be cleaved off. Using the mutase enzyme this molecule is isomerised to glucose-6-phosphate which then be dephosphorylated with glucose-6-phosphatase in order to form glucose
    - - Glycogenesis involves the starting molecule which is glucose. Then, the enzyme glucokinase (in the liver) and hexokinase (elsewhere) is able to phosphorylate it to glucose-6-phosphate. The mutase enzyme is then able to isomerise glucose-6-phosphate to glucose-1-phosphate. Next, UTP is able to add another phosphate group to the molecule to make it uridine diphosphate glucose. These 2 phosphate groups are then lost in the process of joining the groups together to form glycogen