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Chapter 16: Genetics (Replication of DNA (Replicon (And the two strands…

- - - - Virtually all genes occur in multiple forms called alleles
      - The alleles of a particular gene differing from each other in their sequence of nucleotides
      - Types of alleles
        
        Genotypes
        
        That a single individual has
        
        Part of the DNA makeup
        
        Phenotypes
        
        Expression of those alleles in the individual's -
        
        Shape
        
        Metabolism
        
        Size
        
        Observable characteristics
        
        #
  - - - Special kind of protein molecule
      - Adds complementary bases to DNA
      - The primer RNAs act as substrates for the DNA-synthesizing enzyme
    - - Each resulting double helix contains one new molecule and has conserved one old one
      - Each strand of DNA acts as the template for making the complementary strand
  - - - Enzymes migrate forward
      - Two new DNA double helixes are complete
      - DNA partially dissociates from the histone octamers
      - They immediately reassociate with histones into complete nucleosomes
    - - It becomes a forked appearance
      - As DNA continues to uncoil and open
        
        Replication forks at each end of each replicon travel along the DNA
        
        Finally, each replication fork runs into one of the adjacent replicons
        
        All new pieces of DNA are ligated
        
        Ligated - attached to each other through convalent bonds
- - - - Transposable element
  - - - Ultraviolet light
      - X-rays
      - Chemicals
      - Radiation from radioactive substances
    - - Giving the DNA a G-U base pair in place of a G-C base pair
      - Reacts with cytosine and converts it to uracil
  - - - Gene deficiency
      - If a piece of DNA is lost
    - - Added nucleotide to a DNA sequence
      - The addition of extra DNA
    - - Affects the least amount of DNA
      - A single base is converted to another base by any of various methods
      - The smallest mutation
    - - During repair, it is put in backward as an inversion
      - Chromosomal rearrangment
      - A piece of DNA becomes tangled and breaks
- - - - Makes it easier to understand the results of a cross
    - - When a plant's own pollen is used to fertilize its own eggs
  - - - Over the other version of the trait
    - - The trait that is dominated
  - - - The parents are called the parental generation
    - - Two identical alleles for this gene
      - Has two different alleles for this gene
    - - The inheritance of other traits is not considered
      - Ex) A plant with red flowers might be crossed with one that produces white flowers, and only the inheritance of the flower color trait is studied
      - Only a single character is analyzed and studied
    - - Neither parental trait dominates the other
  - - - Dominant allele mask the recessive allele
    - - Known ancestory
      - Both useful and valuable