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sedatives (drugs that effect GABA (chloral-hydrate (Buspirone (buspar)…
sedatives
drugs that effect GABA
ethanol
enhances the action of GABA at GABAa receptors and inhibits the ability of glutamate to open cation channels associated with NMDA receptors
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self treatment of anxiety, depression, essential tremor
benzodiazepines
bind with GABAa receptors to enhance GABA-ergic activity, enhance relaxation/sleep by boosting inhibitory NT (GABA)
used for reducing anxiety, causing sedation, relaxing muscle, treating epileptic seizures, part of anesthesia
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duration of activity
short acting
alprazolam (xanax), triazolam
intermediate acting
clonazepam, lorazepam (ativan)
long acting
diazepam (valium), flurazepam
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non-benzo-hypnotics
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rapidly absorbed, few metabolites, short half lives
common sleep aids
zolpidem (ambien), zaleplon (sonata), Eszopiclone (lunesta)
adverse effects
residual effects (hangover), anterograde amnesia, tolerance/dependence, complex behaviors (sleep walking, eating, driving)
chloral-hydrate
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Buspirone (buspar)
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less sedation, less motor impairments, less potential for abuse
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physiologic effects
sedation
most agents reduce anxiety at low doses, beyond simply causing drowsiness, depressant effects on cognitive functions, anterograde amnesia
hypnosis
will induce sleep at higher doses, decreased sleep latency, increase stage 2 non-REM , decreases REM sleep, decrease stage 4 non-REM, significance of effects on REm still unclear
anesthesia
high doses of sedative -hypnotics can depress the CNS to the point of general anesthesia, BZDz are used IN in combo with other agents for certain procedures where general anesthesia is not needed "conscious sedation"
anticonvulsants
both BZDs and barbiturates inhibit the spread of epileptiform electrical activity, can be used to prevent epileptic seizures
abuse potential
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addiction
use despite harm,psychological "craving: and display of addictive behaviors
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