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Chapter 26: Community Ecology (Metapopulations in patchy environments…
Chapter 26: Community Ecology
Beneficial interactions between species
nurse plants
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alter a small area of habitat
facilitation
not preying or competing
primary succession
organisms become established
on newly created substrates
mutualism
2 organisms that both benefit
Predator-prey interactions
Competition between species
invasive
species can increase from low population density
interference competition
one organism restricts another organisms access to a resource
resource
factor that leads to increased growth rates
exploitation competition
one or both grows poorly
makes resource less available for other organisms
Apparent competition
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Plants are not competing for and using a resource
Predator selection among multiple prey
optimal diet model
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makes 4 predictions
edible parts are sometimes best left alone
broadening diet
abundance of other plants
optimal energy
optimal foraging theory
why herbivores eat the plants and ignore others
One predator, one prey
functional response
time to find and consume prey
prey-dependent
prey available determines predator's functional response
zero growth isocline
the line indicating population stability
paradox of enrichment
over-exploitation of prey
leads to loss of both species
Maximum sustained yield
harvesting just enough of the species
fixed effort harvesting
population health
determined by effort
fixed quota harvesting
fishermen and hunters are allowed a certain amount
Diversity
Diversity and latitude
Diversity and scale
species abundance distribution
number of species in each abundance class
species-area relationship
S=cA^z
Metapopulations in patchy environments
sink habitat
low quality patch
fugitive species
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survives by colonizing new patches
many weeds of disturbed sites
source habitat
high quality patch
assisted dispersal
captured in one area and released into another
metapopulation
several local populations that are interconnected
migrations and gene flow
local population is now metapopulation
Interconnectedness of species: Food chains and food webs
energy flow web
how energy flows in the community
food web
various lines of consumption
keystone species
needed in a community
dramatically effects structure of community
food chain
direct line of consumption
