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Social and behavioral socialization outcomes (Self regulation of behavior,…
Social and behavioral socialization outcomes
Self regulation of behavior
Ability to regulate or control impulses
Delay gratification
Self monitor
Self regulatory deficiency can be related to conduct disorders, ADD, and ADHD, or depression
Observed aroung age 2 increasing with age
Temperamaent determines some sensitivty and response patterns
Also influenced by parenting practices
Learned through modeling and interaction
Antisocial behavior vs prosocial behavior
Antisocial is behavior that harms others.
Prosocial behavior is behavior benefits others
Antisocial behavior: agression
Childhood agression is a predictor of other life problems
Causes of agression
Biological
Evolution and genetics
Genetically influenced behaviors
Impulse control, frustration, tolerance, and activity
Identify chemicals that contribute to agression
Social cognitive
Learning theory
Learn from their actions and observation of others
Behavior is influenced by consequences
Media is a source for learning agressive behavior through modeling
Information processing theory
Way an individual perceives, interprets, and acts on events and information
Reactions to frustrations are not because of genetics but because of the way a person perceives the information
Is a situation incidental or purposeful?
Ecological
Involves complex variables
Child, family, school, peer group, media, community
Sociocultural
Influenced by the values, attitudes and behaviors of the people around them
Peers
Aggression and peer pressure
Children can support antisocial or prosocial behavior
Succumbing to peer pressure depends on a person's personality
Community
Provides restraining socilaization
Prosocial behavior: altruism
Teach developmental skills like getting along with others
Kind, considerate, and helpful toward others
Sharing, giving comfort, and offering help
Biological
Adaptive survival trait
Altruism beneftis the groups survival
Designed to respond to the distress of peers
empathy is a part of biology, it's human nature
Ventromedial area is responsible for how we respond to others' misfortune
Social cognitive
Learn altruistic behavior from others
Learning theory
Reciprocal behavior
Mutual give and take
Rewards and consequences
Observing and imitating model
Instruction
Learning by doing
Prosocial behavior is increased by virtual experiences
Cognitive developmental theories
Perspective taking
Putting yourself in someone elses shoes
Moral reasoning
Social interactions and cognitions
Emotions like empathy and guilt play a part
Social interaction theory
Communication style
Moralizing and prohibitions
Parenting style
Warm and nurturing
Control is reasonable, excessive, necessary, or arbitrary
Sociocultural theory
Some societies provide more opportunity for learning prosocial behavior
American's might be likely to do something because it's "right" or fair
Cooperative vs competitive condition
Children who do chores, help with siblings, and help with economic tasks are more altruistic
Morals and Morality
Morality is feeling, reasoning, and behaving
Children learn to self regulate from familial and cultural socialization
Moral development
Morality changes with growth
Intelligence, motivation, need for approval, self control and the situation
Heteronomous morality-- rules that cannot be changed
Autonomous morality- rules are arbitrary and can be changed
For children the goodness or badness of children is related to consequences
Stages of reasoning
Experiences influence reasoning
Influences on moral development
Situational
Judgement of the situation
Age of the child
Cultural orientation
Individual
Self control
Delay gratification
Self esteem
Approval
Temperament
Intelligence and education
Socialization
Emotions
Lying and stealing
Personal and societal values
Gender roles and sex typing
Qualities people attribute to gender
Gender is a psychological role while sex is biological
Development of gender roles
Sex typing
Classification
Gender curriculum and gender socialization
Males and females behave differently
At preschool age boys and girls know which type of behavior is expected of their sex
Gender roles are restrictive as children age
Socialization influences on gender role
Family
Parents encourage the type of gender role
Boys are encouraged to have more masucline, gross motor skills
Girls are encouraged to be more passive
Father's are more influential in gender roles
Engage more in physical play
Peers
More influential with age
Sex segregation begins in preschool
Boys and girls grow up in different peer environments
School
Intentional and unintentional gender roles
Activites are different for boys vs girls
Men are represented in power
Community
Attitudes
Stereotypical
Equal opportunity laws
Restrictive vs flexible community
Mass media
Screen media
How are gender roles portrayed
Advertising messages
Children's programs are more gender typed
Portrayals serve as role models for children
Print media
Audio media
Interactive and multimedia