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Cell Development and Embryology (Embryology (Cell Expression (The…
Cell Development and Embryology
Four Concepts of Cell Theory
The Principle of Complementarity of Structure and Function
states that the structure of a cell is related to its function. For example, the striated nature of skeletal muscle (structure) is able to assist in its function of being able to contract and therefore allow for locomotion
The continuity of life from one generation to the next has a cellular basis
The activity of the organism depends on the individual activity of its cells
Cells are the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms
Embryology
Cell Expression
The different manners in which cells express themselves defines their function.
This is defined by the genetic coding of the spermatozoon or oocyte
Determination
When cell specialisation had been decided, however the cell is yet to turn into the specialised cell.
This is determined from the beginning so that cells do not turn into different types
Differentiation
This is the specialisation process and includes losing certain characteristics which do not make that particular cell what it is meant to be. It is determined by 'on' and 'off' processes and is when the cell creates its structures for specialisations
Terminal differentation
When the cells that have been differentiating lose the ability to do so
Proliferation
The cell contents are duplicated and following the divisions into two cells it is the central process in the development, growth, and maintenance of tissue structure and function in embryogenesis
Yolk Sac
A sac that contains the nutrients that are required for the embryo
Polar body
One of the smaller cells formed during the formation of a zygote that does not form into a functioning cell that is helpful to the development of the foetus. This polar body forms after fertilisation has occurred
Pre-Implantation Embryonic Development
The stage from the formation of the zygote to the blastocyst. The embryo moves from the ampulla of the Fallopian tubes to the uterus where it will be implanted into the uterine wall. Throughout this process, there are many stages that the embryo goes through including the 4, 8, 16 (morula), and 32 cell stage where cells are undergoing determination. It is only until the cell reaches the stage of the early blastocyst and blastocyst that differentiation occurs as the inner cell mass and the trophoblast is formed
Fallopian tube
Either of a pair of tubes that conduct ova from the ovary to the uterus. The ovarian end contains fimbriae which are finger-like projections from the end of the tube that allow for the oocytes to latch onto to then be transported in the tube
Uterus
This is a part of the female reproductive tract that allows for the implantation of the embryo. This implantation occurs in the inner wall for the embryo to nourish itself in the maternal blood
Gastrulation
The formation of the three germ layers; the ectoderm, the endoderm, and the mesoderm
Terminology
Phenotype
The observational characteristics of an individual that arise from the interaction of the genes and the environment
Cellular Processes
Apoptosis
The process of programmed cell death that is a normal process in embryogenesis. The parts of the dead cell are able to then be phagocytised or digested by lysosomes
Necrosis
The pathological death of a cell which is a destructive process where the cells fall apart