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Grammar vocabulary Nouns Adjectives Articles Determiners …

- - - - One-syllable adj and some two-syllable adj: add the ending -er and "than" after adj.
      - Identifying irregular adj
        
        Adj ends in -e, add -r: rude - ruder,...
        
        Adj ends in -y, delete -y and add -ier: bossy - bossier,...
        
        Adj ends in a vowel followed by a single consonant, double the consonant and add - er: wet - wetter, ...
        
        Exceptions: good - better, bad - worse, much - more
        
        Awkward adj, add "more" before adj: quiet - more quiet. Never uses double comparatives (more quieter)
    - - One-syllable adj: Add the ending -est and using the word "the" in front of them - the smallest ride.
      - Identifying irregular adj
        
        Adj ends in -e, add -st: rude - the rudest,...
        
        Adj ends in -y, delete -y and add -iest: bossy - the bossiest,...
        
        Adj ends in a vowel followed by a single consonant, double the consonant and add - est: wet - the wettest, ...
        
        Exceptions: good - the best, bad - the worst, much - the most,...
        
        Awkward adj, add "more" before adj: quiet - the most quiet. Never uses double comparatives (the most quietest)..
- - - - Some nouns ending in -f, add -s: belief-beliefs
      - Some nouns ending in -z, add -zes: quiz-quizzes
      - Some nouns ending -o, add -es: potato-potatoes
      - Words of Latin or Greek origin often have irregular plural form: analysis-analyses
      - Some words change spelling completely: child-children
      - Some words don't change at all: sheep-sheep
      - Some nouns have two plurals form: hoof-hooves or hoofs
- - - - Adj begins with a vowel: use an "an anxious rhinoceros
      - Adj begin with a consonant: use the "the struggling ostrich"
- - - - Linking verb relate to the senses: feel, taste, smell, look, hear
      - Linking verb relate to a state of existence: be. become, appear, remain
      - The most common linking verb is "be".
      - Identifying a linking verb is to substitute a form of "be" for the verb.
        
        The chipmunk looked hungry.
        The chipmunk is hungry.
        "looked" is a linking verb.
        
        The chipmunk looked for berries.
        The chipmunk is for berries.
        "looked" is an action verb.
    - - The chipmunk needed to eat.
        "eat" is the infinitive like a noun
      - He found a grasshopper to eat.
        "eat" is infinitive like an adj
- - - - These are always placed directly before the adj or adverb they describe
      - Some adverbs of degree, such as just, only, almost, and even, must be placed immediately in front of the word they are modifying: I have just arrived.
- - - - Regular past participles use the infinitive add _ed: look - looked.
      - Common irregular past participle endings include -en, -t, or -n, the past participle is the same as the infinitive: cut, seen, taken,...
    - - Present participles are used with the auxilliary verb "be" to form verbs in the continuous tense.
      - They are formed using the infinitive and the ending -ing.
        If the infinitive ends in a silent -e, remove -e and add -ing (hope - hoping)
  - - - They are placed before the noun or pronoun they describe.
        his broken skates
      - They are following a linking verb.
        His skates were broken.
    - - They can be placed before or after the noun or pronoun that they modify.
      - Example: They were missing.
        the missing skates
- - - - First person: am, are; have; do
      - Second person: are; have; do
      - Third person: is, are; has, have; does, do
    - - Past participle: been, had, done
      - Present participle: being, having, doing
- - - - everybody, everyone, everything, somebody, someone, something, anybody, anyone, anything, nobody, no one, nothing, neither, another, each, either, one, other, much
    - - both, several, few, many, others
    - - all, any, most, none, some
      - Agreeing with prepositional phrases.
        
        Most of the contest is over.
        
        Most of the competitors have left.
- - - - If the action being described is almost certain to happen, the indicative mood is used.
        Example: If the weather is hot, we will go to the beach.
      - If the action being described is hypothetical (impossible to predict) the past tense form of the subjunctive mood should be used).
        Example: If the weather were hot, we would be happier. (The weather is not hot, so the belief that they would be happier is a hypothetical situation, which requires the subjunctive verb form "were").