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Chemistry Summary (Distillation (Fractional Distillation - A way to…
Chemistry Summary
Distillation
Fractional Distillation - A way to separate liquids from a mixture of liquids by boiling off the substances at different temperatures and then condensing and collecting the liquids
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Balancing equations
You need the same amount of protons, neutrons and electrons on either side of the arrow
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Emulsifier - A substance which helps keep immiscible liquids (for example oil and water) mixed so that they do not separate out into layers.
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Hard Water - Water in which is it is difficult to form a lather with soap. It contains Calcium and/or Magnesium ions which react with soap to produce scum.
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Isotope- Atom that has the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons. It has the same atomic number but a different mass number
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Neutron- A dense particle found in the nucleus of an atom. It is electrically neutral. They have no overall charge.
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pH scale - A number that shows how strongly acidic or alkaline a solution is. Acids have a pH value of less than 7 (pH 1 is strongly acidic). Alkalis have a pH value above 7 (pH 14 is strongly alkaline). A neutral liquid has a pH value of 7.
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Salt- A compound formed when some or all of the hydrogen in an acid is replaced by a metal (or by an Ammonium ion). For example Potassium Nitrate – KNO3 (from nitric acid).
Scum- The precipitate formed when soap reacts with calcium and/or magnesium oxide ions in hard water.
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State Symbol- The abbreviations used in balanced symbol equations to show if reactants and products are solid (s). Liquid (1). Gas (g) or dissolved in water (aq).
Universal Indicator- A mixture of indicators which can change through a range of colours depending on the pH of a solution. Its colour is matched to a pH number using a pH scale. It shows how strongly acidic or alkaline liquids and solutions are.
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