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Attitudes towards inequalities (Class (A03 (social mobility prevents rigid…
Attitudes towards inequalities
Gender
men and women occupy different positions in the workplace in terms of the position they reach and the area they are employed in
horizontal segregation = different types of jobs women and men hold
vertical segregation = different levels reached within workplace e.g. status
Barron and Norris
dual labor market = primary (secure jobs), secondary (poor pay, poor promotion) - women more likely to be in secondary market
Class
certain classes = better life classes
social class = people who share similar market and work situations
linked to occupational positions
market situation = amount of money a person gets, income related
work situation = conditions of service; e.g. hours worked, status of employment, fringe benefits
A03
social mobility prevents rigid classes forming
Weber: social mobility is a feature of contemporary life - helps explain why those at the bottom are not likely to rebel; social improvement is always possible
suggested society would become more fragmented than polarized - manual/non-manual work status
patterns and treds of social class inequality reflects real differences in work an market situations of different occupational groups
Goldthorpe and Heath
society can be divided into three key main social groups - key point of division - work and market situations
.
Class inequality inevitable in modern society where talent + hardwork is rewarded
Society =
meritocracy
, most talented have highest rewards
Economic inequality means most qualified people get most important jobs in society
Competition considered healthy
Class
Davis and Moore
Pay is related to talent
Enables legitimisation of inequality
Social stratification ensures efficient role allocation
Usefulness is measured by functional uniqueness and degree of dependence
AO3
Marxists
: underplay importance of social class division + class conflict
Degree of social harmony and consensus in society questionable
Tumin
: what is meant by "functionally important" roles within social system?
Saunders
: restored interest in func ideas. Individual's class position was a product of their hard work + talent.
Breen and Goldthorpe
: Saunders' work was both misleading and biased
Ethnicity
Ethnic inequalities more important than economic differences - to explain inequalities
explanations more flexible and multi-dimensional
Minority ethnic groups = negatively privileged status groups social closure - more privileged groups operate system of social segregation to keep minority groups out of positions of authority
Parkin
Concrete ceiling - no matter how hard they try they cannot get there
Rex and Moore
minority groups severely disadvantaged in labor market - part of the dual labor market being placed in secondary sector
Poor life chances
Age
associated with issues of status and power in the UK
McKingsley
old age and retirement can be signs of loss of status culturally and economically
Parkin
negatively privileged status group concept applied to older people
'people become too old to promote'
Gender
Parsons
: women = expressive, men = instrumental; roles ascribed at birth + contribute to healthy society
AO3
Oakley [FEMINIST]
- gender roles are socially constructed, not biologically ascribed
Parsons
= male = social roles of female homemaker and male breadwinner - convenient
Human Capital theory
- men + women have different purposes + roles in society
Men + women naturally serve different social roles
WEBERIANISM
Functionalism