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Syntax (Definition: the study of how words form sentences and phrases to…
Syntax
Definition: the study of how words form sentences and phrases to create meaning, the way the subject, object, verb words are arranged creates a different meaning than a sentence with the same words in a different order
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Example: The following sentences includes the same words but in a different order. (girl, huge pizza, ate)
The girl ate the huge pizza.
The huge pizza ate the girl.
Errors include - grammatically (is when it is correctly are), subject and verb disagreement
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Semantics
Definition: Creates meaning through the way words are put together, meaning in language. Connotation is the way a person is emotional connected to a word. Denotation is the dictionary definition. These two semantics can be challenging for a native speaker learning a new language because the connotative word will not mean the same as denotative word.
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The more students are emerged in the language the more they will understand the connotation of the language. Denotation words will be easier for students to gain the meaning because these words are exact definitions from the dictionary.
Humpty Dumpty is an example of a semantic barrier for students. To English Language Learners, this is confusing in communication.
Curriculum Cycle
Similar to: Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development, where students can do some things on their own and need guidance in other areas
Teachers that only model instruction for students are not doing this cycle correctly. Students need to see the instruction, do it and practice together, before they can successfully complete an assignment with those instructions on their own.
Definition: This approach is to teach students new information that begins with scaffolding learning for students. The phases include: 1) students are introduced to new learning/meaning through working with the teacher, 2) teacher and student dig deeper into the content and deconstruct the text, 3) students work together to create a response/explanation to the text, 4) each student independently constructs a response of the new information learned. Teachers' goal with curriculum cycle is to scaffold instruction through meaningfully teaching history and language together.
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Example: A teacher introduces the Native American Unit to her class and begins going over the new terms students will need to know. They discuss the vocabulary words of the unit and learn the meaning. Students move into phase two when the teacher and students study a primary source of a journal entry from a 10 year old Native American during the time period sharing her story. Students in phase 3 study the entry and create a response to the entry together as a small group. The 4th phase requires students to create their own entry as if they were a Native American in this time using the vocabulary words they are studying for the unit.
Comprehensible Input
Comprehensible Input Strategies: - context and visual clues, plenty of meaningful background knowledge and experiences, encourage talking in native and new language, etc.
Definition: Students should be able to understand the message or essence of what is being said, orally or written. Teachers that practice Chomsky's theory of second language acquisition provide comprehensible input through teaching students to understand a lesson and filtering in grammar throughout. Rather than a heavy focus on vocabulary and grammar, this slows down the new language learning. (p12)
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Morphology
Definition: study of word formation and morphemes (smallest unit of meaning). Words can stand alone but morphemes need to be attached to another morpheme. This study breaks words into types of morphemes - bound (must be attached to a word to have meaning, prefix/suffix, inflectional) and free (morpheme or word that can stand alone, stem/root).
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Students should be taught through cognitive strategies. Students need to understand prefixes, suffixes, and roots to gain a knowledge of how words change to enhance vocabulary and reading development. This break down encourages students that struggle with decoding and vocabulary skills to segment morphemes and create words.
