Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Week 7 (Major Structures and Regions of the Digestive System and their…

- - - - Gluconeogenesis
        
        This is the formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate molecules. This can be either from amino acids or triglycerides
      - Glycogenolysis
        
        The process of converting glycogen into individual glucose molecules through the cleavage of glucose molecules off a glycogen chain. This is an enzymatic process that insulin inhibits
      - Glycolysis
        
        This is the process of catabolising glucose into pyruvate, and in the process having a net gain of 2 ATP molecules which can be used for energy. Pyruvate in anaerobic conditions can be fermented to lactic acid, and in aerobic conditions can undergo the TCA cycle in order to form more ATP molecules
        
        The regulation of glycolysis involves insulin promoting it and increasing the activity of the enzymes glucokinase, phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase. This means that there is increased glucose uptake, increased glucose utilisation, and promotion of fat synthesis in the fed state
      - Glycogenesis
        
        This is the process of creating glycogen from glucose. Insulin has a stimulatory role with this process.
      - Even by having a high carbohydrate diet, a person is still able to gain weight. This is because although glucose can undergo glycolysis in order to create pyruvate and ATP, or be stored as glycogen through glycogenesis, excess carbohydrates are still stored as triglycerides (fats). One way of this storage is firstly converting the amino acids from food into keto acids which then are able to form fatty acids, which is able to combine with a glycerol molecule formed from glucose first converting into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
    - - Proteins are stored mostly in skeletal muscle as these molecules are essential in allowing for the muscle to gain energy. Proteins are also stored in the liver and in adipose tissue, but to lesser extents
    - - Stored in the liver and as adipose tissue. Triglyceride molecules are lighter than glycogen molecules (because of their lack of being hygroscopic). Adipose tissue can also serve other non-metabolism-related functions such as protection and insulation
    - - The role of insulin in the regulation of metabolism can be both stimulatory and inhibitory. The stimulatory processes include increasing the incidence of glycogenesis and glycolysis. Insulin also inhibits the process of gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis. In terms of which processes occur where, all processes occur in the liver, every process except gluconeogenesis can occur in skeletal muscle, and all process except glycolysis do not occur in adipose tissue