Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Bio 6 (Environment (Useful Animals (Cattle, Sheep, Goats, Yaks, Camels,…
Bio 6
Environment
Parts of Earth
Biosphere
The Parts of the Earth (ie. Lit, Hyd, Atm) that Living Beings are Able to Live
Lithosphere
Outer Solid Layer Covered With Rocks and Soil
Atmosphere
Covers the Lithosphere and Hydrosphere, a Mixture of Gasses
Hydrosphere
Contains Water
Food Chain
Food Web
The Interconnected and Interlocking Patterns of Food Chains
eg. Beetle ----------------------------------------------> Fox
Rat -----------------------------------------> Fox + Owl
Rabbit -------------------------------------> Fox + Owl
Formed by the Series of Organisms which are Linked which Each Other Through the Process of Eating and Being Eaten
Trophic (Food)/ Energy Level
Each Level in a Food Chain
eg. Grass -> Grasshopper -> Frog -> Snake -> Vuture
Anything that Surrounds an Organism
Useful Plants
Food
Cereals/ Grains
Fruits
Vegetables
Oils
Pulses/ Nuts
Spices
Fibres
Cotton
Jute
Flax
Medicines
Industrial
Rubber
Gum
Tannin
Wood and Timber
Beverages
Pollution
Conservation
Addition of Harmful Substances in the Environment
Pollutants
Substances that Adversely Affect the Environment
Causes
Industrialization
Urbanization
Increasing Number of Vehicles
Overpopulation
Types
Air Pollution
Caused By Smoke Emitted from Vehicles, Factories, Power Plants which Contain Oxides of Nitrogen, Carbon
Water Pollution
Noise Pollution
Factors that Make Possible the Life on Earth
Optimum Distance From the Sun
Presence of an Atmosphere
Right Temperature
Sufficient Water for Living Things
Presence of Minerals
Gravitational Force
Components
Living and Non-Living Things that Make up the Environment
Biotic
Producers/ Autotrophs
Manufacture their Food
eg. Green Plants
Consumers/ Heterothrophs
Primary Consumers/ Herbivores
Eat Only Plants (Producers)
eg. Cow, Deer
Secondary Consumers/ Carnivores
Eat Primary Consumers
eg. Tiger, Fox
Scavenger
Feed on Dead Animals
eg. Hyenas, Vultures
Tertiary Consumers
Eat Secondary Consumers
eg. Eagle
Omnivores
Eat Both Plants and Animals
eg. Crows, Cockroach
Eat the Food Prepared By Producers
eg. Animals
Decomposers
Feed Upon Dead Bodies of Plants and Animals and Break Them Down into Simpler Substances
eg. Bacteria, Fungi
Living Organisms
Abiotic
Light
Air
Water
Soil
Temperature
Non-living
Cultural
Useful Animals
Cattle
Sheep, Goats, Yaks, Camels
Pigs
Poultry
Fish
Honeybees
Silk Moths
Lac Insects
Oysters
Elephants
Classification
Grouping Things on the Basis of Common Characteristics
Artificial System
Based on the Comparison of One or a Few Characteristics of a Group
Natural System
Based on the Comparison of Many Characteristics of a Group
Taxonomy
Bio Branch Concerned
Carolus Linnaeus, Father of Classification
Living Organisms
5 Kingdoms System
Protista
eg. Amoeba, Paramecium
Unicellular, Eukaryotic Organisms with Nuclear Membranes and Cell Organalles
Monera
eg. Blue-Green Algae
Microscopic, Unicellular, Prokaryotic Organisms with a Rigid Cell Wall
Fungi
eg. Mushroom, Bread Mould
Multicellular, Heterotrophic, Eukaryotic Plants made of Thread-like Hyphae
Animalia
eg. Dog
Multicellular, Heterotrophic, Eukaryotic Organisms
Plantae
eg. Mango,
Multicellular, Eukaryotic, Autotrophic Plants
Animals
Invertebrates
Animals Without a Backbone
Protozoa
Microscopic, Unicellular Animals
eg. Amoeba
Porifera
Multicellular Animals With a Hollow Tube and Small Pores Over The Body
eg. Spongilla
Coelenterata
Single Body Cavity, Mouth Surrounded by Tentacles
eg. Hydra
Platyhelminthes
Small, Soft Flattened Worms Without A Body Cavity, Parasites
eg. Flatworm
Nemathelminthes
Long, Cylindrical and Unsegmented Worms, No Body Cavities, Parasites, Live in Soil
eg. Roundworm
Annelids
Soft, Cylindrical and Segmented Body, Well-Developed Digestive System, Nephridia
eg. Earthworms
Molluscs
Soft, Unsegmented Body, Hard Shell
eg. Cuttlefish
Arthropods
Jointed Legs, Head, Thorax, Abdomen
Arachnids
Four Pairs of Legs, Wings Absent
eg. Spiders
Crustaceans
Appendages On All Segments
eg. Crabs
Myriapods
Many segments, One or Two Pairs of Legs in Each
eg. Centipedes
Insects
Two Pairs of Wings
eg. Ants
Echinoderms
Marine Animals, Sharp Spines Over Body
eg. Sea Urchins
Vertebrates
Animals with Backbones
Pisces
Aquatic, Cold-Blooded, Two-Chambered Heart
eg. Sharks
Amphibia
Amphibious, C-B, Heart-Ch. Heart
eg. Frogs
Reptilia
Scales, C-B Three-Ch. Heart
Eg. Crocodile
Aves
Wings, Warm-Blooded, Four-Ch. Heart
eg. Crows
Mammalia
Hairy, Milk-Producing W-B, Four-Ch. Heart
eg. Humans
Plants
Cryptogams
Flowerless and Seedless
Thallophyta
Thallus
Algae
Multicellular/ Unicellular,Green, Autotrophic
eg. Chlamydomonas
Fungi
Multicellular/ Unicellular, Non-Green, Heterothrophic, Sacrophytic/ Parasitic
eg. Yeast
Lichens
Specific Algae + Fungi
Bacteria
Microscopic, Unicellular Organisms
Bryophyta
Grow in Damp Rocks, Moist Soil and Walls
Liverworts
Thalloid
eg. Riccia
Moss
Root-like Rhizoids
Funaria
Pteridophyta
Herbaceous, Roots, Stem, Leaves
Ferns
Reproduce via Spores on Sori
Phanerogams
Gymnosperms
Evergreen, Bear Naked Seeds
eg. Pine
Angiosperms
Seeds are enclosed in Fruit, True Flowers
Monocotyledons
Seed has One Cotyledon
eg. Grass
Dicotyledons
Seed has Two Ctlyds
eg. Pea
Bear Flowers and Seeds
Characteristics of LIfe
Living Things
Show Characteristics of Life
Cellular Organisation
Unicellular Organisms
Made of a Cell
Multicellular Organisms
Made of Millions of Cells
Nutrition
Taking in and Using Food
Autotrophs
Make Their Own Food
eg. Green Plants
Heterotrophs
Depend on Others for Food
eg. Animals
Non-Living Things
Do not Show Characteristics of Life
Definite Lifespan
Response to Stimuli
Stimulus
Change in an Organisms Environment
Response
Reaction to Stimulus
eg. Withdrawing Hand From a Hot Object
Earth Structures
Structure of the Earth
Mantle
Middle, Molten and Solid Rocks
Upper Mantle
Soure of Magma
Magma
Red, Hot Molten Material
Lava
Lower Mantle
Lower Mantle + Crust = Lithosphere
Core
Innermost, Molten and Solid Iron and Nickel
Outer Core
Molten Iron and Nickel
Inner Core
Solid, Compressed Iron and Nickel
Crust
Outermost, Composed of a Variety of Rocks
Rocks
Igneous
Formed from Cooled Magma
Granite Origin
Cooled Magma, Found in Moderate Depths Beneath Earth's Surface
Basalt Origin
Cooled Magma From Volcano
Sedimentary
Sediments brought by Angencies (Rivers, Winds, Glaciers)
eg. Sandstone, Limestone
Metamorphic
Ig. or Sd. in a New Form, Due to Heat and Pressure
eg. Quartzite, Marble
Minerals
Naturally Occuring Element or Compound, Definite chemical Composition and Physical Properties
Metallic
eg. Gold, Aluminium
Ores
Minerals which Metals can Extracted Economically, Conviniently
Oxide
Sulphide
Carbonate
Halide
eg. Magnetite
Non-Metallic
eg. Quartz, Mica
Fossil Fuels
Biological Origin, Carbon, Source of Energy
Coal
Formed From Remains of Plants and Other Vegetation Million of Years Ago
Petroleum (Black Gold)
Formed from the Action Heat and Pressure on the Remains of Aquatic Organisms in the Absence of Air
Fractional Distillation
Seperates Constituents of Liquid Mixture By Heating and Then Condensing Seperately the Components According to Different Boiling Points
= Kerosene, Diesel
Harmful Effects
When Burnt, Produces Sulphur Dioxide, Nitrous Oxide, Carbon Dioxide and Carbon Monoxide
Disadvantages
Limited, Non-Renewable Source of Energy
Soil
Topmost Layer of the Earth, Plants Grow on it
Soil Formation/ Pedogenesis
1) Weathering
Breakdown of Rocks into Fine, Smaller Mineral Particles
Physical
Caused By Physical Agents
Temperature
Sudden Changes Causes Rocks Expansion and Contraction and It Cracks
Water
Enters its Crevices, Freezes, Expands and Rock Cracks
Running Streams, Winds
Abrasive Effects on Rocks
Snow, Ice Glaciers
Falls on Rocks, It Erodes
Biological
Tree Roots
Exerts Pressure on Rocks, It Cracks
Certain Organisms (ie. Bacteria, Algae)
Grow on Rocks Surface, Produces Chemical which Help in Their Breakdown
Chemical
Breaks the bonds that Hold Particles in Rocks
eg. Hydration, Hydrolysis, Oxidation-Reduction, Carbonation
2) Soil Development
Various Organic Compounds, Dead Organic Matter, Living Organisms (Biological Phenomenon) Are Added to The Mineral, Forming Soil
Pedology
Study of Soil
Nature
Rocks From Which It has Been Formed From
Type of Organism or Vegetation that Grows on It
Climate
Composition
Inorganic Matter (Mineral Matter)
Derived From Rocks, Gets Dissolved in Water And Gets Absorbed By Plant Roots
eg. Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium, Silica, Iron
Organic Matter (Humus)
Dead Organic Matter, Remains of Plant and Animal Decay
Soil Organisms
Decompose/ Breakdown Carbs, Proteins, Fats of Dead Plants and Animals and Inorganic Compounds of Sulphur and Phosphorus into Carbon Dioxide, Water, Ammonia, Methane
eg. Most Bacteria, Fungi, Protozoa
Earthworms
Brings About Mechanical Soil Mixing By Consuming Large Amounts Of Soil (From Deeper Layers) And Digesting Nutritious Matter (As it Passes Through its Intestines) Finally Releasing Their Residue And Waste On the Surface
Improves Soil Aeration By Burrowing Deep into Soil Forming Tunnel-Like Passages Which Oxygen Enters and Carbon Dioxide Goes Out
Soil Air
Found in Spaces Between Loose Soil Particles, Helps in Respiration of Plant Roots
Soil Water
Present in Spaces Between Soil Particles Directly Taken Up By Plant Roots, Too Much Or Too Little is Bad
Layers
Profile
B-Horizon/ Subsoil
Below A-H, Little Organic Matter, Rich in Iron and Aluminium Compounds, High in Clay Content Poorly Aerated, Devoid of Life
C-Horizon
Lies Below B-H, Lumps of Parent Rock Material, Small Amounts of Organic Matter, Little or No Life
A-Horizon/ Top Soil
Uppermost Layer, Large Amount of Organic Matter, Humus
Home To: Algae, Fungi, Bacteria, Insects, Earthworms
Term Used For Vertical Selection of Soil Up to Bedrock to Show Different Layers of Soil
Bedrock
Below C-H, Unweathered Parent Rock, Soil Formed Here
Particles
Types
Clayey
Clay Particles, Maximum Water Holding Capacity, Poorly Aerated, Roots Cannot Penetrate, Cannot Afford Luxurious Plant Growth
Sandy
Mainly Sand, Small Amounts of Clay, Very Little Water Holding Capacity, Well Aerated, Fertility is Poor
Loamy
Almost Equal Amounts of Sand and Clay, Good Amount of Humus, Better Water Holding Capacity, Porous, Well Aerated, Fertile
Texture
Determines
Water Holding Capacity
Aeration
Amount of Water Available to Plant Roots
Determined By the Relative Proportion of Mineral Particles Present in the Soil
Types
Alluvial
Very Fine Rock, Brought Down By Rivers, Contains Sand, Silt, Clay, Loam, Rich in Humus, Fertile, Ideal For Wheat, Rice
Black (Regur, Black Cotton)
Formed From Cooled and Hard Molten Lava From the Eruption of a Volcano, Ideal for Cotton, Extremely Fine Clay Particles, Retains Water for a Long Time
Mountain
High Humus Content, Loam and Silt at Valley Side, Highly Fertile Ideal for Fruit Trees
Red
Weathered Old Metamorphic Rocks, Red Due to High Iron Content, Loose Gravel, Less Water Holding Capacity, Deficient in Organic Matter or Hummus, Ideal for Pulses, Cotton
Laterite
Low Humus Level Because of High Temperature Destroying the Bacteria and Other Microorganisms, Suitable for Cultivation with Manure and Fertilizers, Ideal for Tea, Coffee
Desert
Dry, Sandy, Porous, High Salt Content, Lacks Moisture and Humus, Ideal for Cotton and Wheat with Irrigation
Erosion
Causes
Floods, Heavy Rains
Washes Away
Cattle Overgrazing
Leads to Vegetation Disappearance, this Barren Land Becomes More Prone to Erosion
Forest Fires
Destroys Trees and Soil Organic Matter
Deforestation
Exposes Soil, Makes it Loose
Poor Farming Methods
Agents
Water
Heavy Rainfall, Rapidly Running Rainwater Carries Looses Soil Particles With it
Wind
Top Soil Is Blown Away
Common in Desert Regions Where Soil is Chiefly Sand and Vegetation is Poor: Sand is Constantly Taken by Winds and the Plants Get Buried By the Sand and are Destroyed
Man
Human Activities Help Rainwater and Wind to Remove Top Soil
Ploughing, Deforestation, Deforestation, Removal of Other Natural Vegetation
Conservation
Prevention of Soil Erosion
Afforestation
Planting More Trees
Terrace Farming
Terraces are Small Flat Fields that Divides a Large Sloping Area into a Number of Separate Fields Prevents the Direct Flow of Water Down the Slope
Regular Farming
Agricultural Land Should Not be Left Uncultivated For a Long Time as Dry Barren Lands Are More Prone to Erosion
Strip Cropping
Planting of Crops in Rows Or Strips to Check the Flow of Water
Shelter Belts
In Desert Areas, Trees are Planted in Rows of Two or Three Around Field
Crop Rotation
Different Crops Are Grown In the Same Field in Different Seasons because Growing the Same Crop Year After Year Depletes its Nutrition
Dam and Embankments Construction
Overgrazing Prevention (Cattle)
Removal of Top Soil By the Action of Wind, Water, Activities of Man
Health
State of Complete Physical, Mental and Social Well-Being and Not Merely the Absence of Disease or an Infirmity (World Health Organization or WHO)
Factors For Maintenance
Balanced Diet
Nutrients
Carbohydrates
Provide Energy
Fats
Provide Energy
Proteins
Growth and Repair of Tissues
Vitamins
Protection of Diseases
Minerals
Protection of Diseases
Build Our Body and Provide Energy to Grow and Remain Healthy
Food
Energy Giving Food
Carbohydrates
eg. Wheat, Rice
Fats
eg. Oil, Butter
Body-Building Food
Protein
eg. Meat, Fish
Protective Food
Vitamins
eg. Vegetables, Fruits
Minerals
eg. Eggs, Milk
Water
Medium For All Chemical Changes in the Body
eg. Digestion of Food, Removal of Waste Products
Roughage
Fibre that Cannot Be Digested But Adds Bulk to the Food and Prevents Constipation
Consists of All the Essential Nutrients in an Adequate Proportion
Effects of Not Taking It
Deficiency Effects = Deficiency Diseases
Carbohydrates
Tired, Inactive, Lethargic
Fats
Dry Skin, Weak Body, Weak Eyesight
Proteins
Stunted Growth, Hair Discolouration, Face Swelling, Skin Problems, Diarrhoea, Swollen Abdomen
Vitamins and Minerals
Ability to Fight Diseases Reduces, Feels Generally Weak
Overconsumption Effects = Obesity
Carbohydrates
Obese
Fats
Obese
Proteins
Harmful to Kidneys
Vitamins and Minerals
Digestive and Growth Related Disorders
Calories
Measure of Energy Stored in Food Items, Body Weight Depends on the Number We Burn and Consume
Hygiene
Community Hygiene
Cleanliness of Surrounding
Maintaining the Cleanliness of Surrounding (Community)
Safe Drinking Water
Disposal of Wastes
Dumping of Wastes
Composting
Sewage Treatment Plant
Recycling of Waste
Personal Hygiene
Personal Cleanliness
Maintaining Personal Cleanliness
Oral Hygiene
Healthy Habits Related to the Mouth
Eye Care
Hair Care
Conditions and Practices that Help Maintain Heath and Prevent the Spread of Diseases
Adequate Exercise and Rest/ Sleep
Exercise
Rest/ Sleep
Protection From Communicable Diseases
Communicable/ Contagious Diseases
Can Be Spread From One Person to the Other
Through Air/ Airborne/ Droplet Infection
Spread through Inhaled Droplets Released From a Cough or Sneeze
eg. Cold, Influenza (Virus), Tuberculosis. Measles (Virus), Polio (Virus)
Through Food and Water/ Waterborne
Spread through Consumption of Water Contaminated With Germs From a Diseased Person Entering, Washing, Bathing Or Defecation Near it
eg. Typhoid (Bacterium), Cholera (Bacterium), Other Intestinal Infections
Through Direct Contact
eg. Conjunctivitis, Scabies, Chicken Pox (Virus)
By Insects
Carried By Insects Called Vectors When They Sit On Garbage, Sewage or Faeces and Microbes are Carried to Exposed Food or Open Wound
eg. Malaria, Dengue, Yellow Fever
Vectors
eg. Anopheles
Avoiding Infection
Drink Filtered Or Boiled Water
Keep Food Items Covered And Do not Eat Unexposed
Do not Use Articles of Suffering Patients
Cover Nose and Mouth While Sneezing or Coughing
eg. Tetanus (Soil)
Personal Cleanliness
Plant Parts
Shoot System
Aerial Part
Stem
Modifications
Underground
Tuber
Udg. Branches, Swollen at Tips
eg. Potato
Rhizome
Thick, fFeshy Horizontal Udg. Stem
eg. Ginger, Tumeric
Bulb
Stem Highly Condensed into Small Disk, Bottom
eg. Onion, Garlic
Corm
Solid, Fleshy, Udg. Stem
eg. Colocasia, Gladiolus
Sub-Aerial
Runner
Soft, Thin, Horizontal Branch, Long Internodes
eg. Grass, Oxalis
Stolon
Soft, Lateral Branch From Base of Stem
eg. Mint, Strawberry
Offset
eg. Water Lettuce, Water Hyacinth
Has Thick and Short Internodes, From Axil
Aerial
Stem Tendril
eg. Grapevine, Gourd
Thin, Threadlike, Coiled Structures
Thorns
eg. Rose, Lemon
Hard, Straight, Pointed Structures
Twiners
eg. Morning Glory
Twining Stems
Phylloclades
Thick, Fleshy, Flat Green Leaf-like Structures
eg. Cactus
Flowers
Calyx
Has Sepals: Green, Leaf-like Structures
Reproductive Part, Produce Fruits and Seeds
Corolla
Petals: Brightly Coloured
Androecium
Male Reproductive Part, Stamens
Stamen
Filament
Thin, Long, Narrow Stalk
Anther
Two Lobed Structure, Pollen Grains
Gynoecium
Female Reproductive Part, Carpel/Pistil
Carpel/ Pistil
Stigma
Terminal Expanded Part
Style
Middle, Long, Narrow Tube-like Structure
Ovary
Basal Swollen Part, Ovules
Pedicel
Thalamus
Enlarged, Flattened Tip Where the Flower arises
Stalk where the Flower Meets the Stem
Sessile Flowers
Flowers without Pedicels
Reproduction
Fusion of male and Female Reproductive Parts/ Gametes
Pollination
Transfer of Pollen Grains from the Anther of a Flower to the Stigma of the Same Flower or Another Flower of the Same Species
Self-Pollination
Pollen Grains from a Anther to the Stigma of the Same or Different Flower of The Same Plant
Cross Pollination
Pollen Grains from a Anther to the Stigma of the flower of Another Plant of the Same Species
Agents of Pollination
Transfer Pollen Grains
eg. Wind, Insect, Water, Animals
Fertilization
Fusion of Male Gametes and Female Egg Cell, produces a Zygote
Fruit
Ripened Ovary, Protects Seeds, Attract Animals for Dispersal, Stores Food Material
True Fruit
Developed from Ovary
eg. Mango, Papaya
False Fruit
Part of it are other Floral Parts
eg. Apple, Pear
Epicarp
Outermost Thin Layer
Mesocarp
Sweet, Fleshy, Middle Part
Endocarp
Innermost Hard Part, Contains Seeds
Seed
Ripened Ovule
Seed Coat
Outer Covering
Embryo
Baby Plant
Plumule
Shoot
Radicle
Root
Cotyledons
Store and Reserve Food Material
Monocot
One Cotyledon
eg. Wheat, Rice
Dicot
Two Cotyledons
eg. Bean, Pea
Leaves
Midrib
Thick Vein in Middle
Veins
Lateral Branches From the Midrib
Veinlets
Vein Branches
Transport Water and Food
Provide Support
Venation
Arrangement of Veins
Leaf Blade (Lamina)
Flat, Green Broad Part
Leaf Base
Where the Petiole Meets the Stem
Leaf Stalk (Petiole)
Sessile
eg. Zinnia
Leaves without a Leaf Stalk
Where the Leaf is Joined by the Stem
Thin, Flat, Generally Green, Broad Part
Venation Types
Reticulate Venation
Veins Irregularly Distributed
eg. guava, mango
Parallel Venation
Veins Run Parallel
Banana, Grass, Wheat
Manufactures Food via Photosynthesis; (Carbon Dioxide + Water) in the Presence of Sunlight and Chlorophyll = Sugar/Food + Oxygen
Axillary Buds
Buds on Axils
Axil
Angle between Leaves and a Stem
Apical/Terminal Bud
At Tip of Stem or Branch
Internodes
Between Two Nodes
Nodes
Branches, Leaves Arise
Main Part of Shoot Sys., Bears Aerial Parts, Conducts Water and Minerals, Carries Food to Other Parts, Keeps Plant Upright
Root System
Modifications
Othrs.
Nitrogen Fixing Roots
Nodules on Roots, Convert Nitrogen to Nitrate
eg. pea, bean
Breathing Roots (Pneumatophores)
Cone-Shaped Roots, have Minute Pores for Respiration
eg. mangroves
Epiphytic Roots
Grow on othr. Plants, Hang Freely, Absorb Moisture
eg. orchids
Sucking Roots (Haustoria)
Absorb, Nutrients from Host Plant
eg. dodder (cusuta)
Mechanical Support (Aerial Roots)
Stilt Roots
Roots from Lower Node of Stem
eg. maize, wheat
Prop Roots
eg. Banyan, Screw
Roots from Main Stem and Branches
climbing roots
Aerial Root, attached to Support, Plant Climbs
eg. money plant
Water Absorption
Food Storage
eg. carrot, radish
thick, swollen
Tap Root RS.
eg. mango, mustard
Primary R. + Secondary R. + R. Hairs
Fibrous/ Adventitious RS.
eg. grass, wheat
Cluster of roots: Same Size and Thickness
Underground Part, Fixes to Soil, Absorbs Water and Minerals, Binds Soil Together