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Transport Processes (Short-Distance Intercellular Transport (Motor Cells…

- - - - the actions together are called apoplast
  - - - when they open K+ are actively transported into the guard cells but they can't leave
        
        extra K+ and water causes guard cells to swell
  - - - pressure in the midrib causes the halves to close
      - potassium and water build occurs to make the halves open
- - - - freely permeable- membrane allows all solutes to go through
      - completely impermeable- don't allow anything to pass
      - differentially/ selective- only allows certain things
        
        helps stop bacteria and viruses from reaching the epidermis
        
        aquaporins allows movement to happen more rapidly
    - - uses ATP to force molecules across membrane
      - this is called active transport
      - also has intercellular transport which the vesicles migrate through cytoplasm and fuse with organelles
- - - - water moves up the tree from the roots and as it goes further up the less water there is
        
        simply because other parts of the tree take some of the water while it moves upwards
  - - - any additives can be very dangerous
    - - cell wall, membranes and soil particles #
- - - - leaves are the dominant source during summer and spring
    - - however in other species phloem is loaded by polymer trap mechanism
      - in both mechanisms, cells surround sieve elements
        
        has companion cells, parenchyma cells this unit is called STM/CC complex
      - the amount of sugars and nutrients transported per hour is called mass transfer
        
        can be divided by the cross-sectional area to obtain specific mass transfer
    - - if phloem is cut, sap can continues leak because its under pressure
        
        P-protein and P-protein plug help prepare the damage to stop sap leakage
  - - - water molecules interact strongly with other water molecules
        
        they behave weakly bound together, frozen molecules strongly bound
        
        because of this liquid water is said to be cohesive
      - molecules interact with many other substances making it adhesive
    - - stoma pores are open and water loss happens naturally
        
        this water loss is called transstomatal transpiration
      - even though the cuticle and waxes are effective ways to prevent water loss, it still happens
        
        this is called trans cuticular transpiration
    - - if you cut a tress in half you can see water pouring out of the wood
      - there's a tube like structure which is called xylem vessels is what transport water up the tree