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Research (Scientific method (Make observation, Question, Research,…
Research
Scientific method
Make observation
Question
Research
Hypothesize
Experiment
Test Hypothesis
Draw Conclusion
Report
Phases of Research
Problem formulation
Designing the study
Collect Data
Process the data
Analyze data
Interperate data
Write up and share
Types of Studies
Exploration
Descriptive
Explanitory
Evaluation
Constructing measures
Commentaries
TROUT
T- All good knowledge is tentative
R-Replicable
O-Observable
U-Unbiased
T-Transparent
Methods
Sampling
Survery
Observation
Secondary data analysis
Types of Research
Positivist
real world
world is knowledge
manipulation and deduction lead to truth
Quantitative
Objectivity
Understanding the world through numbers
hypothesis texting
uses statistics
lots of controls
strict definitions
facts
Constructivist
World only exists because of our perception
all knowledge is subjective
objectivity is not real
knowledge is built through induction
Qualitative
Understand world through stories
Best knowledge is independently verifiable
More flexible
less controls
Knowledge thru patterns
discover theories
Measure Structures
Nominal Variable
Oridinal Variable
Introval Variable
Ratio
Errors
Random
Unavoidable
Minimize
Misunderstanding
Long, cumbersome
Systematic
minimize or eliminate
researcher bias
social desirability bias
acquiescence
Sampling
Probability Sampling
Random
Systematic
stratification
cluster
Non-probability Sampling
available
deviant case
snowball
intensity
theoretical
purposive