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Emotional and Cognitive Outcomes (The Mystery of Happiness (People two…
Emotional and Cognitive Outcomes
Chapter 11
Values
Values are affected by societal perceptions
Values are affected by personal perceptions
Values clarification
Attitudes
Prejudice
An attitude involving prejudgment; the application of a previously formed judgment to some person, object, or situation
Development of attitudes
Phase I
Awareness of cultural differences, 2 1/2-3 years old
Phase II
Orientation toward specific culturally related words and concepts, age 4
Phase III
Attitudes toward various cultural groups, age 7
Transgender
An umbrella term for individuals whose gender identity or gender expression and behavior does not conform to that typically associated with the sex to which they were assigned at birth
Gender identity
Refers to a person's internal sense of being male, female, or something else
Influences on attitude development
Family
Modeling
Instruction
Reinforcement and punishment
Peers
Mass media
TV and movies
Books
Community
School
Developmental sequence of prejudice
Awareness
Identification
Attitude
Preference
Prejudice
Changing attitudes about diversity
Techniques to counter biased attitudes
Increased positive intercultural contact
Vicarious intercultural contact
Perceptual differentiation
Motives and attributions
Achievement motivation
Refers to the learned motivation to achieve mastery of challenging tasks
Within-person (intrinsic)
Socially mediated (extrinsic)
Locus of control
One's attribution of performance, or perception of responsibility for success or failure; may be internal or external
Achievement motivation (mastery orientation)
Expectation of success related to
One's history of success or failure
One's perception of how difficult the task is
The attributions for one's performance
Locus of control
Internal locus of control
Perception that one is responsible for one's own fate
Mastery-oriented attribution
If they fail, they can change the outcome in the future by exerting more effort to correct mistakes
External locus of control
Perception that others or outside forces are responsible for one's fate
Learned-helplessness orientation
Believe outcome is based on luck
Learned-helplessness orientation
The perception, acquired through negative experiences, that effort has no affect on outcomes
Self-efficacy
The belief that one can master a situation and produce positive outcomes
Personal agency
The realization that one's actions cause outcomes
Improving strategies
Provide instruction in specific learning strategies
Help make short and long term goals
Focus on performance of tasks and reward mastery
Encouragement
Provide positive adult and peer role models who demonstrate efficacious behavior
Self-esteem
The value one places on one's identity
Global perspective of self
Multidimensional
Scholastic competence
Athletic competence
Social competence
Physical competence
Behavioral conduct
Development of self-esteem
Factors
Significance
The way one perceives they are loved and cared about by significant others
Competence
The way one performs tasks one considers important
Virtue
How well one attains moral and ethical standards
Power
The extent to which one has control or influence over one's life and other's.
Influences on the development of self-esteem
Family
Warm
Strict
Democratic
School
Peers
Mass media
Community
Feel Good about Failure
Does teaching self-esteem help or harm?
Inmates had higher self-esteem than college students
Should sports give trophies to everyone?
Higher self-esteem but poorer academics
Praise effort (ex: you worked hard instead of you are smart)
The Mystery of Happiness
People two centuries ago thought happiness was unimaginable. Now people believe it's a right.
71% surveyed wanted their children to have an overall happy life
Food, drugs, fame, money, sex, etc. provide temporary happiness
College students used to want to develop a meaningful life philosophy, now they want to be very well off financially.
Within a year, most lottery winners say they are no happier (many divorced)
Once you get past poverty, money doesn't help
Activity in brain (brains more predisposed to experience happiness than others)... twins similar even though raised apart
Happy people have many friends and lots of support
Biology, control, optimism, religious faith, flow (feel well used), close relationships
John McCain was a prisoner in Vietnam, stayed optimistic and faithful
Happiness is a side effect of doing other things
Amish are happy, above American average
Find an excuse to laugh, help others
Same levels of happiness regardless of age
Good can come from pain: Beethoven, Van Gogh
The Funds, Friends, and Faith of Happy People
Subjective well-being
How happy are people?
10-15% Americans truly happy
Average response 6.75 (Ed Diener's scale)
Less self-focused, less hostile and abusive, less vulnerable to disease, more loving, forgiving, trusting,
energetic, decisive, creative, sociable, and helpful
Who are the happy people?
t no time of life is notably happiest and most
satisfying
Traits and temperaments
extroversion
Political freedom
flow
In poor countries, wealth helps well being but in affluent countries, it matters very little
Money can increase OR decrease happiness, depending on how it is used
Lottery winners typically gain only a temporary jolt of joy from their winnings
Our becoming much better off over the last four decades has not been
accompanied by one iota of increased subjective wellbeing
Age, gender, and income (assuming people have enough to afford life's necessities) give little clue to someone's happiness
Exploding the Self-Esteem Myth
Some findings even suggest that artificially boosting self-esteem may lower subsequent academic performance
floccinaucinihilipilification
the
action or habit of estimating as worthless
college students with high levels of self-regard claimed to be substantially better at initiating relationships, better at disclosing things about themselves, better at asserting themselves in response to objectionable behaviors by others, better at providing emotional support and better even at managing interpersonal conflicts
those who think highly of themselves are more likely than others to respond to problems by severing relations and seeking other partners
bullies reported less anxiety and were more
sure of themselves than other children
Affluenza
Too materialistic, greedy, self-absorbed
An unhappy condition of overload, debt, anxiety and waste resulting from the dogged pursuit of more
Symptoms: swollen expectations, shopping fever, chronic stress, hyper-commercialism, a rash of bankruptcies, fractured families, social scars, global infection
Fly 25 times as much
More shopping malls than high schools
90% divorces had arguments about money
1/5 of the world in abject poverty
Prevention and cure
Buy nothing day, adbusters, uncommercials
Genuine progress indicator (GPI) instead of GDP
Co-housing
Cut back on consumption
Live more simply, recycle, change of attitudes
Social and personal change, invest in nonpolluting technologies