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Lesson 10 (Videos (Jolts and Tricks (The brain is a vast electrical…

- - - - mass media - the form of communication in which large audiences quickly receive a given message via an impersonal medium between the sender and the receiver
      - culture - the learned behavior, including knowledge, beliefs, art, morals, law, customs, skills, and traditions, that is characteristic of the social environment in which an individual grows up
    - - Chronosystem influences on media involve not only technological changes, such as the improved quality of digitized media, the ability to record TV shows, and computer capacity for streaming, but content changes as well.
      - Even though media technology has changed, concerns regarding its influence on children remain the same. “In general, proponents of media innovation argue that the new technology benefits children by opening up new worlds to them, while opponents argue that new media might be used to substitute for real life in learning ethical principles, undermining children’s morality”
    - - Politics includes the laws under which the media operate. Economics include corporate sponsors for the shows. Technology includes the type of medium as well as its content.
      - as long as the broadcast media in the united states are designed to attract audiences to sell products, they will convey messages that are likely to influence attitudes and behavior
      - Among the family resources on the website of the American academy of child and adolescent Psychiatry is a section, “Kids and Pop culture,” that provides reviews and articles by experts on TV, movies, books, music, video games, and Internet sites to help parents and other caregivers make healthy media decisions.
    - - “Television is a particularly appealing medium to young children in part because many of its images and modes of representation are readily understood; it does not require the child to learn a complicated system of decoding as does reading, for example”
      - Social Cognitive Theory. according to Bandura (2001), media contribute to children’s learning by enabling them to observe role models behave on screen.
      - Cultivation Theory. Gerbner and colleagues (2002) believe media content affects viewers’ beliefs about the world and consequently alters their behavior.
      - Motivation Theory. rubin (2002) believes that the impact of media depends on how media are used (entertainment, learning, background noise), and the individual
        abilities and characteristics of the user.
      - Displacement Theory. according to some researchers (anderson, huston, schmitt, linebarger, & Wright, 2001), media used for entertainment may displace important developmental activities such as play, hobbies, games, sleep, studying, reading,
        physical activities, activities such as play, hobbies, games, sleep, studying, reading, physical activities, and social engagements, especially conversations with family and friends.
    - - desensitization - the gradual reduction in response to a stimulus after repeated exposure
      - stereotype - an oversimplified representation of members of a particular group
      - selective attention - choosing stimuli from one’s environment to notice, observe, and consider.
      - Parents can mediate television viewing by: controlling the number of hours of television exposure,
        checking ratings and evaluating what kinds of programs may be viewed, viewing television with their children and discussing the programs, and arranging family activities other than television viewing.
    - - Corporation for Public Broadcasting (2004) concludes that educational TV in the classroom : reinforces reading and lecture material,aids in the development of a common base of knowledge among students, enhances student comprehension and discussion, provides greater accommodation of diverse learning styles, increases student motivation and enthusiasm, and promotes teacher efectiveness.
    - - literacy - being able to communicate through reading and writing
      - Caldecott Medal - award given yearly for the most distinguished picture book for children
      - Newbery Medal - award given yearly for the most distinguishedcontribution to American literature for children
    - - Popular music is an example of how the tastes and preferences of young people have fueled the billion-dollar music industry
      - For most young people, music use is driven primarily by the motivation to control mood and enhance emotional states
      - Music’s ability to communicate emotion and influence mood has been widely noted. Even preschoolers and infants as young as 8 months can reliably discriminate “happy” and “sad” music.
      - Motivation, experience, knowledge, and self-concept are factors in the interpretation of the lyrics
      - contagion - the phenomenon in which an individual exposed to a suggestion will act on it
      - Mental images once formed by rhythm, beat, and perceived lyrics are now created by special effects on video.
    - - In the 20th century, “each new media technology brought with it great promise for social and educational benefits, and great concern for children’s exposure to inappropriate and harmful content”.
      - Some of the problems with Internet technology, besides appropriateness of content on certain websites: piracy issues over illegal transfer of copyrighted material, privacy issues regarding the ability to track online usage patterns and gain access to personal data,, the capacity to hack into unauthorized information, viruses and worms that can destroy data on computers, and unsolicited junk mail, or “spam.
      - Some risks or problems of children surfing the web include:
        accessing areas that are inappropriate or overwhelming, being exposed to online information that promotes hate, violence, and pornography, being misled and bombarded with intense advertising, and being invited to register for prizes or to join a club where they are providing personal or household information to an unknown source.