Dreyfus model of skill acquisition
Novice
Advanced Beginner
Competence
Proficient
Expert
- needs recipes
- follows rules
- no the big picture
- no context
- needs guidelines/cookbooks
- gets awareness
- seeks for quick solutions
- doesn't need the big picture
- doesn't feel as a part of the system
- needs maxims (principles)
- can troubleshoot
- can use the advice of experts
- can find a problem
- still hard to distinguish the important details
- still has to check many options until finds out the valuable one
- most people stuck at this stage
- needs patterns
- needs the big picture
- can self-correct
- can learn from other's experience
- can apply recipes in the context
- no longer needs principles
- responds intuitively and appropriately to the current situation
- best in patterns matching
- almost instantaneously sees important details and produces actions
- feels like a part of the system (rather than controls it)
- can apply best practices just in the right context