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Thinking: the ability to manipulate and transfer information in memory…
Thinking:
the ability to manipulate and transfer information in memory
Creative thinking
the ability to think about something in novel and interesting ways and come up with unique solutions to problems.
convergent thinking
produces one correct answer
divergent thinking
produces many answers the the same question
steps in the creative process:
insight
creative people don't always use this process in the correct sequence
Creative individuals
are usually intelligent
intelligent individuals
are not always creative
preparation
incubation
elaboration
evaluation
how to foster in students
provide environments that stimulate creativity
don’t overcontrol students
foster flexible thinking
build students’ self-confidenc
encourage students to take risks
introduce them to creative people
Decision making
thinking that involves evaluating alternatives and making choices among them
Decisions are affected by biases and flaws
confirmation bias
belief perseverance
hindsight bias
when we are aware of these
Decision making is improved
as we get older
when we are calm
overconfidence bias
Critical thinking
thinking reflectively and productively and evaluating the evidence
Key to critical thinking
Mindfulness
being cognitively flexible
being alert
helps students create new ideas and makes them aware of other perspectives
How does this apply in school?
Ask "how?" and "why?"
Not encouraged enough in schools
Argue with reason rather than emotion
Evaluate different opinions
Recognize that sometimes there are afew good answers
being fully present
Reasoning
Deductive reasoning
from general to specific
Solving puzzles
Learning about a general rule and then applying it
Improves during adolescence
Inductive reasoning
from specific to general
Drawing conclusions