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PHILOSOPHY (ETHICS (Bentham's "Introduction to the Principles of…

- - - - type of consequentialism
        
        negative outweighs positive
    - - humans are governed by pain and pleasure
      - principle of utility
        
        principle which approves or disapproves of every action whatsoever according to the tendency it appears to promote the oppose that happiness
    - - the sum of the interests of its members
    - - the sum total of his pleasures and diminishes the sum total of his pains.
- - - - he doubts if there is something putting thoughts in his head
      - he claims he exists, and everything else comes after that
      - he claims he is a thinking thing, he can doubt and think
      - he concludes saying that we are not the sum of our characteristics
    - - descartes says that senses deceive us
      - he claims that what if he was sleeping at this moment and this is not life, it is just a dream
        
        he cancels this claim by saying that things are more vivid when he is awake
      - he claims that there is an evil demon controlling us
    - - argument of clear and distinc ideas
        
        he says that if he can differentiate his mind from his body he can be certain that they are different things
      - argument of divisibility
        
        divisibility
        
        the body is divisible
        
        the mind is not divisible
        
        the mind is affected by the brain
        
        the mind is not immediately affected by all parts of the body, but only from the brain
        
        puppet argument
        
        i have a pain in my arm
        
        the nerves take the pain to my brain
        
        brain creates feeling of pain
        
        brain makes mind aware of pain in arm
        (we cant be sure were the pain is coming from)
        
        self preservation
        
        we have an instinct of self-preservation
        
        when we need to drink, there is a dryness on our throat, this makes the nerves react and send signals to the brain, the brain moves the mind to drink
  - - - finds a drug which will remove his soul, but keep his body functioning normally
        
        when he takes the drug he doesn't seem a change
        
        from this we ask ourselves if we really have souls, because his body kept functioning the same without a soul
- - - - the mind compares something from how it is now to how it was in the past
    - - to say that X is diverse from Y means that X is not Y
    - - one thing cannot exits in two different places at the same time
    - - god
      - finite intelligences
      - bodies (particles of matter)
    - - vegetables
      - animals
      - humans
    - - makes up the self
      - distinguishes us from everyone else