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THE OTHER TRANSLATION PROCEDURES (:star: TRANSFERENCE (Emprunt, loan word,…
THE OTHER TRANSLATION PROCEDURES
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TRANSFERENCE
Emprunt, loan word, transcription.
A SL word is transferred to TL text
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NATURALISATION
A transferred word is adapted to the TL
Pronunciation and morphology
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CULTURAL EQUIVALENT
CULTURAL EQUIVALENT
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FUNCTIONAL EQUIVALENT
Applied to cultural words, it requires the use of a culture-free word thus generalising or neutralising the SL word/expression.
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THROUGH-TRANSLATION
Literal translation of common collocations, names of organisations, the components of compounds (e.g. superman/Übermensch). Normally, through-translations should be used only when they are already recognized terms (e.g., international organisations like UNO/ONU, etc.)
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SHIFT OR TRANSPOSITION
A shift (Catford) or transposition (Vinay and Darbelnet) involves a change in the grammar/part of speech from SL to TL.
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MODULATION
A variation through a change of viewpoint, of perspective and very often of category of thought, e.g.,
:star: RECOGNISED TRANSLATION
You should use the official or the generally accepted translation of any institutional terms (or other) (e.g., international organizations).
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COUPLETS
Or triplets, etc, combine two or more translation procedures for dealing with a single problem.
They are particularly common for cultural words, where transference may be combined with a functional or cultural equivalent