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Language Learning Strategies: An Overview for L2 Teachers (Background (Why…

- - - - Human beings process information and learning involves such information processing
  - - - learning styles
        
        natural, habitual, and preferred way(s) of absorbing, processing, and retaining new information and skills
  - - - learner strategies
      - learning strategies
      - language learning strategies
    - - are learner generated
      - LLS enhance language learning and help develop language competence, as reflected in the learner's skills in listening, speaking, reading, or writing the L2 or FL
      - LLS may be visible (behaviours, steps, techniques, etc.) or unseen (thoughts, mental processes).
      - LLS involve information and memory (vocabulary knowledge, grammar rules, etc.).
      - a desire for control and autonomy of learning on the part of the learner through LLS
      - only conscious strategies are LLS, and there must be a choice involved on the part of the learner
      - allow learners to become more self-directed
      - expand the role of language teachers
      - are problem-oriented
      - involve many aspects, not just the cognitive
      - can be taught
      - are flexible
      - are influenced by a variety of factors
  - - - do not directly involve the subject matter itself, but are essential to language learning nonetheless
        
        Social strategies
        
        facilitate interaction with others, often in a discourse situation
        
        Affective LLS
        
        enable learners to control feelings, motivations, and attitudes related to language learning
        
        Metacognitive strategies
        
        help learners exercise 'executive' control through planning, arranging, focusing, and evaluating their own learning
    - - directly involve the subject matter
        
        Compensation strategues
        
        are needed to overcome any gaps in knowledge of the language
        
        Cognitive LLS
        
        are used for forming and revising internal mental models and receiving and producing messages in the target language
        
        Memory strategies
        
        aid in entering information into long-term memory and retrieving information when needed for communication