Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Ch. 8 Ecology of the Peer Group pg. 278-327 (8.1 The Peer Group as a…
Ch. 8 Ecology of the Peer Group pg. 278-327
8.1 The Peer Group as a Socializing Agent
Peers: individuals who are of approximately the same gender, age, and social status, and who share interests
The significance of Peers to Human Development
Parent versus Peer Influence; in depth about authoritative, authoritarian, permissive
Peers enable children to acquire a wide range of skills, attitudes, and roles that influence their adaptation throughout life
Influence social development, cognitive psychological development as well
Infancy/Toddlerhod, securely attached, insecurely attached
Early Childhood, authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, indifferent univoloved
8.2 The Peer Group's Influence on Psychological Development: Emotions
poor peer relations in childhood are linked to later development of neurotic and psychotic behavior and to a greater tendency to drop out of school
8.3 The Peer Group's Influence on Social Development: Social Competence and Conformity
Social Competence: behavior informed by an understanding of other's feelings and intentions, the ability to respond appropriately, and knowledge of the consequences of one's actions
age, situation, personal values,
8.4 Peer Group's Influence on Cognitive Development: Social Cognition pg. 288
Social Cognition: conceptions and reasoning about people, the self, relations between people, social groups' roles and rules, and the relation of such conceptions to social behavior
Assumptive Reality: a theory about reality assumed to be true without examining or evaluating contradictory data
Cognitive Conceit: Elkind's term for children in Piaget's stage of concrete operations who put too much faith in their reasoning ability and cleverness
Reality Testing: testing assumptions against facts
Imaginary audience: the beliefs that others are as concerned with one's behavior and appearance as one is oneself
Social Cognition in the preoperational stage, concrete operational, formal operational
8.5 Peer Group Socializing Moments pg. 293
Reinforcement or giving attention, intentional and unintentional, positive, negative, and neutral
Modeling, children learn through imitating, modeling has broader effects than reinforcement
Punishment, teasing, physical aggression, or rejection, sever is bullying
Apprenticeship, someone with more expertise helps someone who does not, they may even share problem solving
Cliques: friends who view themselves as mutually connected and do things together
Crowds: loosely organized reference groups of cliques
8.6 Macrosystem Influence on the Peer Group: Developmental Tasks pg. 297
Getting Along with Others, is developmentally progressive in that it involves both seeing things from another's perspective and verbal communication
ability to empathize
Developing Morals and Values
Morality of Constraint: behavior based on respect for persons in authority
Morality of cooperation: behavior based on mutual understanding between equals
learn moral and values from parents and other adults through instruction, reasoning, modeling reinforcement and punishment
Understanding is part of moral development in that both involve rule formulation, rule following, cooperation, limit setting, division of roles, and territoriality
Learning Appropriate Sociocultural Roles
Achieving Personal Independence and Identity
Social Support: resources (tangible, intellectual, social, emotional) provided by others in times of need
8.7 Chronosystem Influence on the Peer Group: Play/Activities pg. 302
The Significance and Development of Play
Play: behavior enjoyed for its own sake, how children learn about their environment, separate thought from actions and objects
Solitary, Onlooker, Parallel, Associative, Cooperative, imitative play, exploratory play, testing play, model-building play
Infant/Toddle Peer Activities, drawn to each other, touch each other, fight, then learn to get along
Early Childhood Peer Activities, successful social relations depend on the ability of one person to take the point of view of another, to empathize, communicate
Middle Childhood/Preadolescent Peer Activities, supervised to unsupervised, informal and formal groups
Adolescent Peer Activities, seems like this is stereotyping, I am not sure if I agree with what is written in this part of the book, will need to do further research on the issue
8.8 Peer Group Interaction pg. 308
Development of Friendship
Friendships become more distinctive, longer-lasting, and closer
under 4 first stage, momentary playmateship
Early to middle, second stage, one-way assistance
Middle Childhood, third stage 6-12 two-way, fair weather cooperation
Middle childhood to adolescence, fourth stage is intimate, mutually shared relationships, 9-15
Adolescence to adulthood, fifth stage, autonomous, interdependent friendships about 12
8.9 Peer Group Acceptance/Neglect/Rejection pg. 309
Acceptance
Sociometry: techniques used to measure patterns of acceptance, neglect, and rejection among members of a group
child's acceptance by peers and successful interactions with them depend on a willingness to cooperate and interact positively with other children
Neglected or Rejected
description of neglected or rejected is on point (310), table 8.1 on page 311
Peer Sociotherapy
Sociotherapy: an intervention to help children who have trouble making and keeping friends learn to relate to others
sociometric results can help adults facilitate the inclusion of neglected or rejected children into the group, children who have a hard time making friends may be helped by interacting with younger children
8.10 Peer Group Dynamics and Social Hierarchies pg. 314
Clique Inclusion and Exclusion
Bullies and Victims
Bullying: aggressive behavior intended to cause harm or distress; it occurs repeatedly over time in an unbalanced relationship of power or strength
face to face and now cyberbullying
Characteristics of bullies include domination, impulsive, physically stronger, show little empathy, engage in antisocial behavior
8.11 Antisocial Behavior: Gangs pg. 318
Gang: a group of people who form an alliance for a common purpose and engage in unlawful or criminal activity
risk factors for gang membership and delinquency 5 developmental domains, individual, family, school, peer group, and community
Delinquency and substance abuse single most consistent characteristic is lack of support and socialization by families
8.12 Prosocial Behavior: Peer Collaboration, Tutoring, and Counseling pg. 319
collaborate learn to problem solve through consensus
when children interact they discover other have opinions, feelings, thoughts, and perspectives different from theirs
8.13 Mesosystem Influence on the Peer Group: Adult-Child Interactin
Adult-Structured Peer Groups
team sports, clubs, scouts, church groups
rules, guidelines, suggestions about appropriate behavior
Adult-Mediated Group Interaction
Competitive or cooperative
stratify, some assume more dominant roles and others more submissice
norms, standards serve to guide and regulate individual's actions
frustration and competition contribute to hostility between groups, but fosters cohesiveness within groups
Adult Leadership Styles
Collaborative Leadership: working together and sharing responsibility for a task
Authoritarian, democratic (authoritative), laissez-faire (permissive), outcomes on table 8.3 pg. 323
Team Sports
organized interactions of children in competitive and/or cooperative teams or individual enjoyable physical activities