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PHILOSOPHY (Ethics (Introduction to the Principles of Morals and…

- - - - Thales:
      - one of the first to ever pursue philosophy
      - stated that the element of the principle of which things are made is water.
      - Thales supposed that all things are full of gods
      - -
    - - aer: indefinite enough to give rise to the other things
        in the cosmos.
      - .
      - calls this basic stuff aer
      - philosopher active in the latter half of the 6th century BC
    - - He regarded himself as self-taught and a pioneer of wisdom
      - “[It is not possible to step twice into the same river] [...] It scatters and again comes together, and approaches and recedes.” (Plutarch, On the E at Delphi 392b)
      - Heraclitus of Ephesus was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher
      - .
      - quote: “Upon those who step into the same rivers, different and again different waters flow.” (Arius Didymus, fr.32)
    - - believed that numbers was the key to understanding the cosmos.
      - He reasoned that the entire universe is a harmonious arrangement, ordered by and so knowable through, number.
      - He was an ancient Ionian Greek philosopher and the eponymous founder of Pythagoreanism
      - The number 10 is the source of ever-flowing nature, since according to them the entire kosmos is organized according to harmonia,
- - - - Dennett is wherever he thinks he is.This meaning that he has the choice of choosing where he is. No matter in what circumstance or scenario he finds himself in, he really is where he thinks he is. So basically he chooses where he actually is.
        
        Even though Dennett technically dies in this fictional scenario he states cannot have died if death means the permanent loss consciousness because he is still conscious. He can't define consciousness and which of the three character provides him consciousness all he knows is that he is still the same as when he started the experiment.
  - - - Locke’s example of the Prince and the Cobbler says that the consciousness of someone in this case of a prince could be transferred to a cobbler’s body and the cobbler will own all the memories of the prince.
  - - - The story is about a man who dies and arrives to an unknown space where he finds god. God explains to him that he has been reincarnated thosands of times. This allows the guy to understand that he is everyone in the universe.
        
        I related this story with the theme of identity because it is about a 48 year old man trying to understand who he really is. God simply tells him that the universe is an egg. There could be many ways someone could interpret this statement, but I see it like this: every single form of life is perfect when we are born and the egg symbolizes that beginning of life.
        
        This short story also relates to ethics because God tell him that when he was hurting someone else he was only hurting himself. This applies with the golden rule and how we should treat everyone ethically correct.
- - - - He gives three arguments of why we should doubt what we know
        
        We might be dreaming
        
        There might be an evil demon deceiving us
        
        our senses can be deceitful,
      - He established the first undoubtable proposition for the foundation of his philosophy: I exist. He calls himself a thinking thing. but then questions what really is he?
        
        He then describes the theory of the wax saying that The physical wax is more than just the sum of its properties, the physical properties are associated to the mental wax we have in our minds that we gained through our understanding.
    - - He starts Meditation IV buy asking himself :Do material things exist?
        
        He gives two arguments to why the body and mind are completely different
        
        The argument from clear and distinct ideas
        
        “I have a body to which I am very closely united,
        nevertheless [...] I have a distinct idea of the body in so far as it is only an extended thing but which does not think, it
        is certain that I, that is to say, my mind, by which I am what I am, is entirely and truly distinct from my body, and may
        exist without it” (p.156)
        
        The argument from divisibility
    - - He makes his first big claim: claim: “Everything I have accepted up to now as being absolutely true and assured, I have learned from or through the senses. But I have sometimes found that these senses played me false, and it is prudent never to trust entirely those who have once deceived us.”
        
        He doubts everything in existence because he reaches the conclusion that senses deceive us. Later on he says the only thing he knows for sure is that he exists.
        
        In his second big claim he says " I must here consider that I am a man, and consequently that I am in the habit of sleeping and of representing to myself in my dreams those same things. [...] How many times have I dreamt at night what I was in this place, dressed, by the fire, though I was in my bed?” He basically says that how do we know we are not dreaming. Some dreams feel so realistic that how do we difference reality with dreams. He laters proofs this wrong by realizing we can't come up with certain concepts it we haven’t seen them in real life.
        
        His third big claim was “I have for a long time had in my mind
        the belief that there is a God who is all-powerful and by whom I was created and made as I am.” Lastly he claims that there is an evil spirit trying to deceive us.
  - - - The story goes like this: There is a Dualist very unsatisfied with life, but won't commit suicide because he doesn't want to hurt his loved ones and also because he is afraid there will be some type of eternal punishment.
        
        A miracle drug was found that annihilated the soul of a person, but the body would still remain doing its normal functions. The story ends with the dualist deciding to take the drug in the morning but a friend of his injected the drug in his sleep without him noticing so when he went in the morning to buy the drug with no soul he thought it didn't work because he felt the same. Here is where Raymond insinuates that there is something wrong with dualism.
- - - - Principle of utility: “That principle which approves or disapproves of every action whatsoever. according to the tendency it appears to have to augment or diminish the
        happiness of the party whose interest is in question: or, what is the same thing in other words to promote or to oppose that happiness.” (p.14)
        definition of utility: “That property in any object, whereby it tends to produce benefit, advantage,
        pleasure, good, or happiness, (all this in the present case comes to the same thing) or (what comes again to the same thing) to prevent the happening of mischief, pain, evil, or unhappiness to the party whose interest is considered” (p.
        14)
        
        Interest of the community: Interest of the community is the sum of the interests of its members
        
        Happiness: is pleasure and the absence of pain. Bentham believed that happiness could be quantified on a scale of 1 to ten. This calculus is called the Felicific calculus. It is calculated by taking in count the following. I x D x C x S are multiplied to obtain a result.
        
        4.Propinquity (S): how soon will happiness occur?
        
        5.Fecundity (F): the probability that the action will be followed by the
        same happiness
        
        3.Certainty (C): how likely is it that happiness will occur?
        
        6.Purity (P): the probability that the action is not followed by pain
        
        2.Duration (D): how long the happiness will last
        
        7.Extent (E): how many people are affected
        
        1.Intensity (I): how strong the feeling of happiness is
        
        Interest of the individual: A thing is in the interest of the individual when it adds to the sum total of his pleasures and diminishes the sum total of his pains (p.15)'
        
        Actions that follow principle of utility: Any action that augments the happiness of the community more than it diminishes it (p.15)
        
        Government according to principle of utility: A government acts according to the principle of utility when its actions augment the happiness of the community more than it diminishes it (p.15)
        
        Laws of utility: Principle of utility can be taken as a law to hold citizens and governments
        accountable (p.15)
        
        Ought, ought not, right, and wrong (p.16) 1. determine if the action is right or wrong, if it is right do it if not don't do it