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Geography (Geographical Concepts (Scale (Scale is measured by the spatial…

- - - - Interconnection scale
        
        National
        
        Referring to the characteristics of a country of nation
        
        International
        
        Referring to every country/nation globally
        
        Local
        
        Referring to a particular area or neighbourhood
  - - - Geographical Features of Space
        
        Organisation
        
        How things are sorted and arranged
        
        Spacial Distribution
        
        The shapes and patterns that things are arranged on Earth's surface
        
        Location
        
        Where thing are located on Earth's surface
- - - - The legend is a list of simplified symbols/lines to represent physical and cultural characteristics on a map.
    - - The title represents what the map is showing.
    - - The orientation s the relationship of the direction of the map to the corresponding compass points.
    - - A scale represents units in a smaller quantity relative to real life.
    - - Is a distinctive line that represent the edges of a map.
    - - The source is the information of who created/published the map.
  - - - A 4 figure grid reference is a geographic grid system to locate all places on Earth. The 4 figures are divided into two categories the eastings and northings.
    - - A 6 figure grid reference is a geographic grid system to locate all places on Earth and is much more precise than the 4 figure reference, The 6 figure reference is more commonly used on maps as its more precise.
  - - - A population graph is a graph used to represent the total population of age-sex distribution.
    - - A climate graph is a graph that displays the annual temperature and precipitation statistics of a particular location.
- - - - Boreal Forest/Taiga
        
        Also known as a “coniferous forest”. Regions have cold, long, snowy winters, and warm, humid summers.
        
        Animals
        
        Snow, cold, and a scarcity of food make life very difficult, especially in the winter. Some animals migrate south, other go into hibernation, while others simply cope with the environment.
        
        Plants
        
        Coniferous-evergreen trees (trees that produce cones). The trees are narrow and grow very close together. This is so they can help protect each other from the weather.
      - Grasslands
        
        Grasslands are big and open spaces. There are not many bushes in the grassland. Trees are found only by rivers and streams.
        
        Animals
        
        Many large herds of grazing animals such as zebras and bison. Animals live in herds for protection, because there are few trees and bushes to camouflage themselves.
        
        Plants
        
        Grasses (oats, wheat, barley, etc.)
      - Tundra
        
        The Tundra is a type of biome where the tree growth is hindered by low temperatures and short growing seasons. The Tundra is categorised into three different categories: the Arctic, Antarctic and Alpine
        
        Antarctic
        
        Alpine
        
        Arctic
        
        Animals
        
        Animals adapted to survive in this environment. Some have grown thick fur which turns white in the winter. Others find a place to hibernate during the winter months.
        
        Plants
        
        Lichens, mosses, grasses, sedges, shrubs. Almost no trees due to short growing season and permafrost.
      - Desert
        
        Extremely hot and dry (less than 254 millimetres of rain a year). That composes of four different categories.
        
        Coastal
        
        Cold
        
        Semiarid
        
        Hot and Dry
        
        Animals
        
        Animals adapted to intense heat and lack of water. Some animals never drink water, instead, they get water from seeds and plants that they consume. Many animals are nocturnal so that they do not have to combat the sun’s heat.
        
        Plants
        
        Cacti, small bushes, and short grasses. Desert plants are adapted to collect and store water and reduce water loss.
      - Tropical Forest
        
        The structure of a Tropical Rainforest is diverse as each living organism has adapted to thrive in the Rainforest. The forest floor in the rainforest is scattered with leaf litter making the surface very nutrient-rich. To adapt to this trees have grown roots (Buttress Roots) to spread out to maximise surface area to gain more nutrients. Fifteen metres above the forest floor is the understory which composes of juvenile trees. However, as the canopy is preventing light to pass through, plants at the understory have adapted to gain their nutrients from the air. Fifteen metres above the understory lies the canopy; a continuous crown of the parapets of trees. At the highest point of the rainforest lies emergents; trees that emerge through the canopy towering ten metres above. The tropical rainforest is diverse and every living organisms have adapted to survive the intricate terrain.
        
        Forest Floor (0 metres)
        
        Canopy (30 metres)
        
        Understory (15 metres)
        
        Emergents (40 metres)
        
        Animals
        
        Life inside the wet rainforest is bustling with slithering snakes and chirping birds. An animal must be both smart and strong to survive in this environment
        
        The diverse fauna in the tropical rainforest have adapted to the arboreal life to survive. Flying Squirrels are marsupials that have adapted to the arboreal life by evolving to have skin flaps to glide to evade predators and hunt prey.
        
        Plants
        
        Vines, palm trees, orchids, ferns. Most plants must compete for sunlight and nutrients due to their dense population. The majority of common houseplants come from the rainforest.
        
        Climate
        
        The typical weather in the tropical rainforest ranges from a low of 24oC to 30oC. Early in the morning at 6:00am the temperature is quite humid at 24oC and 70% humidity with the weather being clear. At 9:00am the temperature has increased by 3oC and the humidity has increased by 10%, however, the weather has became hazy. At 12:00pm the temperature has peaked at 30oC with the humidity at 90% as the weather has became cloudy. At 3:00pm the weather has drastically changed to be stormy with the temperature decreasing.
  - - - Marine
        
        Saltwater regions of the Earth. Includes oceans and coral reefs.
      - Coral Reefs
        
        Huge variety of different plants and animals. Most must live in this environment for survival.
      - Freshwater
        
        Contains very little salt and are found on land; includes lakes, rivers, and wetlands
  - - - Deforestation is the clearance/removal of trees to be used for economical purposes.
    - - Desertification is the process of fertile fields becoming dried and arid as a result of deforestation, drought or inappropriate agriculture.
- - - - Climate Change is an environmental modern-day dilemma caused by the emittance of excess carbon dioxide from machines that are manufactured by humans to make life easier, could very well be destroying the planet. As the population of the world increases businesses have to manufacture more machines to satisfy the demands of consumers and the more people that purchase machines, more greenhouse gases are emitted into the atmosphere ultimately heating the entire globe. This has caused many ecosystems that depend on the frigid terrain have greatly diminished over the years as an impact of the long-term rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system. A natural disaster such as; droughts, wildfires, floods and cyclone have become more frequent and more severe within the last decade. As a result of rising temperature has resulted in the melting of the ice caps which has risen the seas level by 20cm.
        Meteorologists and Environmentalists predict that on the current emittance level of carbon dioxide natural disaster will be significantly more severe both physically and economically and the growing sea-level will only continue. The current changes in the temperatures in the atmosphere have affected the agricultural yields and water sources at devastating levels. Droughts are an increase in humidity and lack of rainfall which evaporates more water, which can leave certain areas completely dried. This can have a devastating impact on agriculture as farmers can’t successfully germinate the crops with the lack of irrigation. While a significant level of rainfall can completely destroy and over-irrigate complete yields of crops. These drastic changes in the environment can jeopardies the economy and cause some regions to be food insecure.
    - - An invasive species is a non-native organism that has been introduced by human involvement to a different region and has the tendency to out-compete, hunt and overpopulate native animals which can have disastrous effects on the ecosystem. These species were introduced to different regions for different reasons either as entertainment, décor or a solution to eradicate pests by human involvement in nature. However, not only is the environment being in devastation as a result of these invasive species but to the economy as well. Invasive species cause billions of dollars of damages to crop yields every year and even more trying to contain these ravenous species.
    - - Water scarcity is the absence of a sustainable supply of safe water. This has a severe impact not only on the hydration of societies but also on the irrigation of crops to nourish their plentiful hunger. As the population of Earth increases so does the demand for more water, making it even more crucial to distribute evenly throughout agriculture and societies. Demographers predict that by 2025 there will be approximately 1.8 billion more mouths to feed worldwide and global agriculture alone will require 1 trillion cubic meters of water annually (equivalent to the annual flow of 20 Nile Rivers). This competition for this essential resource can lead to severe shortages of water leading to global chaos unless extra precautions are taken.
  - - - Water Management
        
        Water management is defined as developing, conserving and managing the optical volume of the exertion of water capacity. By measuring the exertion of water can preserve the precious resource and prevent the over-watering of crops (crops being over-hydrated) preventing salty solutions of water.
      - Genetically Modified Food
        
        Genetically Modified Food is defined as organisms that’s genetic composition has been altered to resist pests, diseases, herbicides, droughts, temperature and denser with nutrition. Farmers have capitalized on genetically modified plants to greatly decrease chemicals used to deter pests and other natural causes. Offspring is the procedure intervened by humans that occurs when humans select parents that have particular traits or characteristics of interest. They are then bred in the hope that their offspring will develop their parent’s particular phenotypic traits to increase production.
      - Nurturing the Soil
        
        Water management is defined as developing, conserving and managing the optical volume of the exertion of water capacity. By measuring the exertion of water can preserve the precious resource and prevent the over-watering of crops (crops being overhydrated) preventing salty solutions of water.
    - - FoodBanks
        
        Foodbanks are non-profitable charitable organizations that are funded by the government to evenly distribute food to those that suffer from food insecurity as a result of being unable to afford the expense. Foodbanks provide three days’ worth of nutritionally balanced, non-perishable food to those who live in poverty.
      - Pest Control
        
        Pest control is the use of using pesticides and other chemicals for yields of crops to prevent them from being devoured by ravenous pest species. However, the use of using pesticides means the coagulation of chemicals which can destroy the bio-diversities of organisms and give some pests immunity against the pesticide. Fortunately, ecologists have developed natural deterrence and processes for these pests.
      - Airport Security
        
        Airport Security is the techniques and methods adopted by the Department of Security to prevent the imports of dangerous substances, weapons and invasive organisms. This ensures the safety of citizens; agriculture and the flora and fauna remain intact from physical and economic damages. Airport security is vital in keeping Australia’s agriculture intact from ravenous and prolific organisms and diseases.