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Chapter 13: Soils and Mineral Nutrition (Nitrogen Metabolism (Nitrogen…

- - - - Symptom of Deficieny Diseases
        
        Chlorosis
        
        Tend to be yellowish
        
        Brittle and papery
        
        Leaves lack chlorophyl
        
        Necrosis
        
        Necrosis could also be caused by bacterial, viral, and fungal infections
        
        This condition varies based on the type of deficiency
        
        Death of patches of tissue
        
        Mobile and Immobile Elements
        
        Immobile Elements
        
        1 more item...
        
        Mobile Elements
        
        1 more item...
- - - - Soil Acidity
        
        Extremely acidic soil: (pH of 4.0 to 5.0)
        
        In acidic soils, aluminum and manganese can become so soluble as to reach toxic levels
        
        As the acidity increases, the greater concentration of protons causes more cations to be released from soil micelles
        
        What factors affect soil acidity?
        
        Respiration, excretion, and decay
        
        Most important: Rainfall
        
        Chemical nature of the original rock
        
        Endodermis and Selective Absorption of Substances
        
        Endodermis prevents uncontrolled, apoplastic diffusion in roots
        
        Highly selective permeability allows the endodermis to control which elements enter the transpiration stream
        
        Can enter roots either through cell membrane and entering the symplastic protoplasm phase of the plant
        
        Weathering
        
        The initial rock may be volcanic (granite, basalt), metamorphosed (marble, slate), sedimentary (sandstone, limestone), or other types
        
        Any water held by a rock as part of the crystal structure is unavailable to plants
        
        Soils are derived from processes like weathering
        
        Chemical Weathering #
        
        In regions with a great deal of warmth, moisture, and abundant decaying vegetation - chemical weathering can be rapid
        
        Decreases soil particle size, but more importantly, it alters soil chemistry
        
        Involves chemical reactions and the most important agents are acids produced by decaying bodies
        
        As the matrix breaks down, positively charged cations are freed: thus, the residual undissolved matrix has a negative charge
        
        Physical Weathering
        
        Ice is an important agent
        
        Produces a variety of sizes of soil particles; the largest
        
        Coarse sand: the largest ones that are technically important to soil (size range - 2.0 to 0.2 mm)
        
        Fine sand: size range (0.2 to 0.02 mm)
        
        Silt sand: size range (0.02 to 0.002 mm)
        
        Clay particles (micelles) : size range (smaller than 0.002 mm in diameter)
        
        Breakdown of rock by physical weathering is the breakdown of rock by physical forces such as wind, water movement, and temperature changes.
        
        Various particles sizes affect soil texture and porosity
        
        Field Capacity: Water that remains in the soil is held by capillary adhesion/cohesion
        
        Mycorrhizae and the Absorption of Phosphorus
        
        The fungus collects phosphorus from the soil and transports it into arbuscles
        
        Mycorrhiza: the symbiosis permits plants to absorb phosphorus efficiently
- - - - Iron
        
        Needed in amounts intermediate between those of the major and minor elements
        
        Helps with blood production
        
        Helps transfer blood in the blood from the lungs to the tissues
      - Boron #
        
        Required in extremely low concentrations by plants
        
        Helps to maintain healthy bones and mental function
      - Chlorine
        
        Required in extremely low concentrations by plants
        
        Helps acid-base balance of the body
      - Copper
        
        Required in extremely low concentrations by plants
        
        Helps maintain healthy bones, blood vessels, nerves, and immune function, and it contributes to iron absorption.
      - Manganese
        
        Required in extremely low concentrations by plants
        
        Helps protein and amino acid digestion
      - Molybedenum
        
        Required in extremely low concentrations by plants
        
        Helps and is involved with the 3 processes: Sulfite oxidase, Xanthine oxidase, and Aldehyde oxidase.
      - Zinc
        
        Required in extremely low concentrations by plants
        
        Helps with immune system
  - - - It helps regulate fluid balance, nerve signals and muscle contractions.
      - Functions as an electrolyte
    - - Can help prevent osteoporosis
      - Helps build strong bones and teeth
    - - Essential for photosynthesis
      - Important for protein production
    - - Plays role in how the body uses carbohydrates and fats
      - Formation of bones and teeth
    - - Allows toxins and waste to be eliminated
      - Crucial role in energy production
    - - Helps regulate blood glucose and protein production
      - Maintains healthy bones
    - - Helps with health status, activity level, and hydration needs
      - Helps with glycolysis in respiration
    - - Helps with psoriasis, dandruff, folliculitis, and acne
      - Effective for osteoarthritis, rheumatoid and psoriatic arthritis.
    - - Helps with cellular respiration
- - - - Example of Hydroponic Solution - this means that they are growing plants without using soil.
      - Example of Hydroponic Solution - this means that they are growing plants without using soil.