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Ethical Costs Controversies (Individual Participants (Discussion (Past…
Ethical Costs Controversies
Benefits of Psychological Research to Society and the Economy
Potentially Negative Consequences for Society
Individual Participants
Double Obligation Dilemma
Conflict between needs of researchers to produce research that benefits society and the needs of individual participants who have the right to be treated fairly.
Examples of highly controversial research in terms of individual participants:
Milgram's research into obedience to authority.
Deception - not told what study was truly about
Psychological Harm - beleived they were harming another ppt.
Physical Harm - sweating, trembling and even full - blown seizures.
Lack of Valid Informed Consent - as they were deceived they never truly gained full consent.
Bowlby's 44 Thieves
Lack of Valid Informed Consent - they were children under the age of 16 so would need parent or guardians consent instead.
Lack of Confidentiality - details of their backgrounds included as were names and ages.
Discussion
Past research failed duty of care towards participants.
welfare of individual should be equal consideration of benefits to society
However, unethical research is in the past.
The research such as Milgram's may have actually had positive benefits for participants such as them saying it taught them and important lesson in life. Also Jacob gained confidence to come out as a gay man as he realised how vulnerable he has been to authority.
Risk Management Techniques