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Biology Summer examination weaknesses (what is the evidence that the cell…
Biology Summer examination weaknesses
test for lipids
shake sample with ethanol then water
white emulation is formed
what is the evidence that the cell is undergoing mitosis? how would these chromosomes be arranged if the cell was under going miosis
the individual chromosomes would be visible because they have condensed
Each chromosome is made up of two chromatids because DNA has replicated
the chromosomes are not arranged in homologous pairs, which they would be in meiosis
what is a homogenous pair of chromosomes ?
One chromosome of each homologous pair comes from the mother (called a maternal chromosome) and one comes from the father (paternal chromosome).
state ways in which the arrangement of DNA is different between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
prokaryote DNA is circular
prokaryote is not associated with histones/ proteins
prokaryote DNA is only one molecule
Explain how the binding of the first molecule of oxygen to haemoglobin makes it easier for the second molecule of oxygen to bind
binding of first oxygen changes quaternary structure of haemoglobin
creates second binding site for oxygen - uncovering another heam group to bind to
however the fourth heam group is harder to bind to as the oxygen struggles to find it more
protein synthesis
transcription
the enzyme DNA helicase breaks hydrogen bonds therefore separating the DNA strands
this means the bases on the DNA are exposed
a strand of RNA then forms, called messenger RNA this is catalysed by the enzyme RNA polymerase
RNA nucliotides come along and complementary base pair with the bases on the DNA template strand
translation
mRNA attaches to the ribosome
tRNA in the cytoplasm picks up its specific amino acid. energy is needed for this. the energy is provided by ATP
tRNA carries its amino acid to the mRNA on the ribosome
complementary base pairings occurs between the anticodon on the tRNA and codon on the mRNA
peptide bonds form between amino acids brought by the the tRNA molecules then a peptide chain is formed
formation of tissue fluid
high hydrostatic pressure of blood at the arteriole end causes fluid to leave the capillary wall this fluid is called tissue fluid, overall fluid forced out by ULTRAFILTRATION
low hydrostatic pressure of blood at, venule end of the capillary so tissue fluid is forced back into capillaries lots of water also enters the capillaries by osmosis due to a low water potential in the blood, overall tissue fluid is pushed back in by reabsorption