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what's in medicine (organic compounds (alcohols (general formula= ROH,…
what's in medicine
organic compounds
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aldehydes
general formula= R-C=O, H
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reactions of alcohols
alcohols: primary, secondary and tertiary
if the carbon the OH group is attached to is only bonded to one other carbon atom the alcohol is primary
if the carbon the OH group is attached to is bonded to 2 other carbon atoms the alcohol is secondary
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oxidation
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primary
1) heat ethanol with potassium dichromate solution and sulphuric acid in a flask to produce ethanal (aldehyde).
2) in order to get the aldehyde only you must distil it immediately so it does not react with excess potassium dichromate and evaporates
3) to get a carboxylic acid the alcohol is heated under reflux which allows all gases produced to condense and run back into reaction mixture to continue being oxidised
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phenols
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test for phenols: add neutral iron (III) chloride solution then shake, if turns purple phenol is present
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practical techniques
reflux
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2) to reflux a solution heat it in a round bottomed flask with a lieberg condenser attached (vertical) this causes the solution to continuously evaporate and condense back into flask, giving time for reaction to occur
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distillation
1)to distill the mixture gently heat in distillation apparatus. the substances will evaporate out of the cylinder in order of increasing boiling point
2) when evaporated substance enters condenser it is cooled and condenses back into a liquid where it is collected in flask
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separation
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shake funnel then allow to settle, organic layer is less dense than aqueous layer so floats. any impurities dissolve in aqueous layer
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Analytical techniques
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mass spectroscopy
molecules in sample are bombarded with electrons which remove an electron leaving a positive ion (a molecular ion M+)
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