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Development and Migration
Justice and Identity in Post-Colonial…
- Development and Migration
Justice and Identity in Post-Colonial International Realtions
Migration and insecurity:
Within the UN High Commission for Refugees estimating that 63.5 million people were living displaced from their homes in 2015, migration again poses the question 'what obligations do we owe to 'strangers' in international relations
The European Migration 'Crisis' 2015
The crisis of 2015 was a product not only of the on-going civil war in Syria and economic insecurity in Sub-Saharan Africa, but of an absence of political will and solidarity in 'burden sharing' in the EU, illustrating the drivers of consequences of migration and refugee policies
Refugees and Migration
Migrant:
- A migrant is a person who leaves their state by choice and who the receiving state accepts by choice
- A force migrant is a person who was forced to leave their state but does not meet the (political) definition of a refugee
Refugee:
- A refugee is forced to flee from their state and who enters the receiving state without permission
If approached from the perspective of justice and (human) security, the boundary between a migrant and refugee becomes blurred
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Modernisation Theory
Developed during the Cold War but based broadly on European notions of 'progress', modernisation theory suggested that former colonial countries could eventually - under the right conditions and if they chose to do so - converge on a Western, liberal form of economy (if not society or government)
Modernisation
In the view of modernisation framed by modernisation theory, development spread by stages from Europe and North America across the globe in uneven yet ultimately beneficial stages
Poverty and Inequality
'... inequality and poverty are neither natural nor given. Rather they are the outcomes of the complex historical and political dynamics of development as a planned project'
Under Development
The uneven nature of development that emerged after industrialisation did not just happen, it was caused and sustained by the use of deliberate violence within the international system
Developed/Developing Worlds
- '... approaching development in conventional terms disconnects development as a process from its historical constituted global dimensions, and presents it as an "issue" that should be associated with "developing states"
- '... treat inequalities and poverty as comprising sets of globally constituted social relations and thereby avoids analysis in terms of state-centred categories'
The Non-Aligned Movement:
The 'Bandung Conference' of 1955 resulted in the creation of the Non-Aligned Movement (or 'Third World'), which represented the coordination of non-Western and non-Soviet voices on the international stage and gave political impetus to 'post-colonial' analyses within IR
Post-Colonialism
'... the voices, cultures and histories of colonialised peoples have been reformulated and caricatured - or indeed erased completely - by the dominant Western powers in the modern era', thus skewing our understanding of the world of international relations away from the experiences of the majority of the world's population
Dependence Theory
In contrast to the optimist view suggested by modernisation theory, dependency theory suggested that poverty and inequality were products of the historical and on-going exploitations of resources and people in the non-Western world by Western states, leading to under-development rather than development
Rich and poor nations are linked economically. "Modernisation" of countries cannot be considered in isolation from each other
During colonial period, European countries extracted raw materials, minerals and food from their colonies, enabling them to industrialise
World Systems Theory
Underpinned by Marxist analyses of the operation of capitalism, world system theorists understood the world to be a global system from about the 1,500s and underscored the exploitive nature of that system for the vast majority of people drawn into it
Marginalised Voices and IR
'The history of development can only be understood properly if we include struggles over relations of domination in terms of race, ethnicity, gender or sexuality', meaning that hitherto marginalised voices need to be heard in IR
Sustainable Development Goals
Following on from the UN Millennium Declaration (2000) the 2015 declaration on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), advocates of the SDGs argue that technology and corporate actors can address issues of sustainability whereas critiques argue that this still orthodox approach will continue to entrench inequality
Migration, Development and Justice:
Should the definition of refugee be broadened to include those fleeing environmental or economic insecurity?
Should 'resettlement states' direct their attention towards aid and development, rather than accepting more refugees?
Given the protracted nature of contemporary conflict, what should be done about refugee camps which are insecure environments, especially for women and girls?
CONCLUSIONS
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Issues surrounding development and migration raise questions about the origins - and hence justice - of such inequalities
Development has advocates and critics: it is seen as both a solution to and cause of current inequalities in international relations