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Tissues and the Primary Growth of Stems (External Organization of Stemss…
Tissues and the Primary Growth of Stems
Basic Types of Cells and Tissues
Sclerenchyma
thin primary wall
thick secondary wall
elastic
protect from
snow
animals
wind
Conducting slerenchyma
tracheals
long
dead at maturation
vessel elements
#
short
dead at maturation
Mechanical slerenchyma
long fibers
storage
dead at mature
elastic
short scleroids
elastic
plasmodesmata
nutrients
pit
pit-pairs
Collenchyma
primary wall unevenly thin
exhibits plasticity
shoot tips
more glucose
Parenchyma
thin primary walls
soft part of plants
most common tissue
parenchyma cells
Cholerenchyma
photosynthesis
Glandular Cells
secrete
nectar
fragrances
resins
oils
Transport in
sugar and minerals
transfer out
metabolic tranformatio product
External Organization of Stemss
Stems
axis
nodes
leaves
Internodes
between nodes
leaf axels
before leaf attach
auxillary bud
bud
flowers
bud scales
around bud
terminal bond
tip of tem
shoot
stem+leaves/flowers/buds
leaf scar
leaf abscised
phyllotaxy
arrangement of leavess
stolons
"explore"
vines
bulbs
short roots
thick leaves
onions
corms
vertical
thin leaves
thick stem
tubers
allow plants spread
bamboo
Rhizomes
short lived
horizontal
trunk
vertical shoot
Internal Organization of Stems
epidermis
outermost surface
cutin
fatty substance
wall impermeable to water
cuticle
build uf cutin
cutin
wax
when cuticle inefficient
guard cells
pairs
stromal pore
#
hole
guard cell
stoma
Vascular Tissue
Phloem
sugar and minerals
only primary walls
sieve element
sieve
large is better
small form
sieve tubes
stacking cells
many form
sieve plates
sieve cells
associate with conducting cells
albuminous cells
sieve tube members
controlled by companion cells
load sugars in and out
cells degenerate
stay alive
plasmodesmata
#
1 micrometer
sieve pores
groups
sieve areas
Xylem
water and minerals
tracheary element
#
tracheids
vessel elements
vessels
annular thickening
secondary wall
set of rings
helical thickenings
secondary wall depositining
scalariform thickening
extra strength
circular bordered pit
cross-section
overarches pit chamber
border
extra wall
pit membrane
set primary wall
vessel
vessel elements
absorb water
distribution of nutrients
Trichomes
hairs
elongated epithelial cells
protection
animal eat/step
Cortex
interior to epidermis
photosynthetic parenchyma
#
buoyancy
vascular bundle
#
xylem and phloem
collateral
parallel
primary xylem
primary plant body
primary phloem
mixed with
sieve elements
companion cells
interior to cortex
organized in ring
pith
region of parenchyma
Stem Growth and Differntiation
subapical meristem
#
region below apical meristem
produce cells for region below
grow and divide
make first xylem
protoxylem
longest time to grow
metaxylem
apical meristems
divided by
mitosis
cytokenisis
protophloem
mature exterior cells
metaphloem
cells closest to metaxylem
deteminate growth
animals
determinate organogenesis
indeterminate growth
plants
indeterminate organogenesis
Tissues
Primary Tissues
produced apical marisystems
primary growth
apical tissue formation
