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Growth and Division of the Cell (Division Phase of Cell Cycle (Meiosis I…
Growth and Division of the Cell
Growth Phase of the Cell Cycle
Interphase
G2 Phase
Alpha and Beta tubulins
Spindle microtubules
Synthesis Phase
Genome
Entire complex of genes
Chromosome
Genes in linear sequence
chromatid
half of doubled chromosome
Gene amplification
Genes for specialized cells
Extreme case: Arum maculatum
Endoreduplication
Enlarging the nucleus
80% mature plant cells
Mitosis
#
Prophase
Chromosome condensation
2 to 5 micrometers
Spindle
Long set of microtubules
Kineticore
Point of attachment in microtubules
Metaphase
Metaphase plate
Chromosomes at cell center
Chromosomes gradually become visible
Anaphase
Centromere releases
Chromosomes in compact place
Telophase
Reverse of prophase
G1 Phase
First stage after division
Synthesis of Nucleotides
Cell cycle varies
Cytokinesis
Phragmoplast
#
Microtubules parallel to spindle microtubules
Traps dictyosome vesicles
Preprophase band
Identifies plane of division
Geometric increase
All cells active mitotically
Arithmetic increase
One cell divide
Cell plate
phragmoplast, walls, and vesicle
Division Phase of Cell Cycle
Meiosis
Gametes
Zygote
New adult
Diploid
1 set of chromosomes
Haploid
Meiosis II
Double cytokinesis
4 haploid cells
Cytokinesis
Preprophase band
Identifies the plane of division
Phragmoplast
#
Microtubules parallel to spindle microtubules
Mitosis
Duplication division
Gene sets
Thousands of genes linked together
Meiosis I
Metaphase I
Spindle move tetrads to center
Metaphase plate forms
Anaphase I
Cohesion not digested
Centromeres do not divide
Chromosome has 2 chromatids
Prophase I
Pachytene
Chromosomes shorter and thicker
Diplotene
Bivalent chromosomes move away
Held together by chiasmata
Tetrads
4 chromatids
Zygotene
#
Chromosome pairing
Homologous chromosome
Synapses
Synaptonemal complex
Homologous synapsed pair
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Diakinesis
Chromosomes unrangle
Paired only at centromere
Leptotene
Chromosomes condense
Telophase I
Interkinesis
No DNA replication occurs
Less Common Types of Division in Plants
Coenocyte
Hundreds or thousands of nuclei
Cell Division in Algae
Nuclei
Nuclear envelope and Nucleolus
Does not breakdown
Brown algae
Euglenoids
Dinoflagellates
No histones
Condensed chromosomes
Interphase
Slight uncoiling
Some green algae
Cytokinesis
Several types in algae
Phycoplast
Division
Furrowing
Cell plate formation
Plants arose from green algae
Green algae
Nuclear envelope
Doesn't break during mitosis
Cell Division of Prokaryotes
Prokaryotes
#
Mitosis/meiosis doesn't occur
Cyanobacteria
Archaea
Bacteria
Cell cycle short
Can be 20 minutes
Cytokinesis
Process of Infurrowing
Division of Chloroplasts and Mitochondria
Mitochondria and Plastids
Daughter cell
1 mitochondria and 1 plastid (minimum)
If not, white spot forms
Interphase
Cell volume increases
Cytosol
Endoplasmic reticulum
Mitochondria
other organelles
