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Solidarity (Psychological solidarity (Ingroup/outgroup (Solidarity with…

- - - - Affective state benefits: neurological evidence that pro-social behavior makes us feel good
        
        Volunteering positively related to pro-social behaviour
        
        Positively related to more longevity
        
        Mutual cooperation in prisoner's dilemma
        
        Behaving pro-socially reduces stress
    - - Cost/reward calculation: shaped direction of motivation (direct or indirect intervention, escape or distortion
      - Arousal: motivates helping behaviour if attributed to victim's situation
      - What are your costs of direct help? What are the costs of no help to the victim?
      - Maximize benefits and minimize social costs in relationships
  - - - Empathic concern
        
        Ex. Elaine gets electric shocks (empathic concern and ease of escape)
    - - Genetically based predispositions to act pro-socially
        
        The evolutionary success of people who displayed such predispositions
        
        Group selection
        
        Kin selection
        
        Reciprocal altruism
  - - - Pluralistic ignorance
      - Diffusion of responsibility
      - Evaluation apprehension/audience inhibition
    - - Cost of helping
      - Cost of NOT helping
      - Increase/decrease arousal
  - - - A:CR = increased arousal (think about something happening in your city), increased costs of not helping (guilt, violating norms, future reciprocity), while decreasing the costs of helping (through feelings of greater familiarity)
    - - Norms of pro-sociality towards outgroup
      - Outgroup redifines as common 'we'
      - Anger towards in-group
      - Guilt/anger
  - - - Behaviour belief
      - Outcome evaluation
    - - Normative belief
      - Motivation to comply
    - - Control beliefs
      - Opportunity