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12.1.3 11.1.3 10.1.3 (PROJECT PLANNING (A project must be planned and…

- - - - new requirements for the project be documented and, if approved, allocated appropriate resources.
        
        Control of change during a project ensures that projects are completed within
        
         stakeholder requirements of time,
        
        Stakeholder satisfaction should be addressed with
        
         effective and accurate requirements capture,
        
         proper documentation,
        
         base lining and
        
         Skilled steering committee activity
        
         use of funds and
        
         Quality objectives.
    - - monitor and measure the development effort, metrics are required.
        
        1.identify resources 🥜🥒🥕🥔🌶🌽🍅🍆🍠
        
        2. This will help in ESTIMATING AND BUDGETING SYSTEM AND SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT RESOURCES . 📈📉📈📊📈📉📈📈📉📈📉📈📊📈📉
  - - - documentation forms part of the project plan or the project 📜baseline.
    - - Change management process
        
        formal change request submission to project manager
        
        Request must be only raised bySTAKEHOLDER
        
        project manager judges the impact of each change request on project activities (scope), schedule and budget
        
        change advisory board then evaluates the change request (on behalf of the sponsor)
        
        change is accepted, the project manager is instructed to update the project plan to reflect the requested change
        
        UPDATED PROJECT MUST BE FORMALLY CONFIRMED BY PROJECT SPONSOR— accepting or rejecting the recommendation of the change advisory board
  - - - WHY it is necessary: determine whether actual spending is in line with planned spending,
      - productivity must be monitored to determine if resource allocation is on task.
        
        can be checked with EARNED VALUE ANALYSIS (EVA)
        
        consists of comparing the metrics at regular intervals during the project such as:
        
        • Budget to date
        
        • Actual spending to date
        
        • Estimate to complete
        
        • Estimate at completion
  - - - the category that impacts the business benefits (and, therefore, endangers the reasons for the project’s very existence)
        
        Project Sponsor is responsible
      - the category that impacts the
        project itself.
        
        project manager is responsible
- - - - Analogous estimating
        
        using estimates from prior projects
        
        quickest estimation technique.
      - Actual costs
        
        analogous estimation, this approach takes an extrapolation from the actual costs that were incurred on the same system during past projects.
      - Bottom-up estimating
        
        cost of each activity in the project is estimated to the greatest detail (i.e., starting at the bottom), and then all the costs are added to arrive at the cost estimate of the entire project.
        
        most accurate estimate, this is the most time-consuming
        approach
      - Parametric estimating
        
        Past data of analogous estimating + leverage of statistical data
        
        more accurate than analogous estimation.
  - - - guide the allocation of resources 🍠🍆🍅🌽🌶🥔🥕🥒🥜
      - judge the time and cost required for
        its development, and :alarm_clock: 💵
      - compare the total effort required by the resources.
    - - single-point estimations (based on a single parameter)
      - multiple-point estimations
  - - - number and complexity of the inputs
      - outputs
      - files
      - interfaces
      - queries with which a user sees and interacts
  - - - • Personnel hours by type (e.g., system analyst, programmer, clerical)
      - • Machine hours (predominantly computer time as well as duplication facilities, office equipment and communication equipment)
      - • Other external costs such as ,
        
        third-party software,
        
        licensing of tools for the project, consultant
        
        contractor fees
        
        training costs,
        
        certification costs (if required),
        
        occupation costs (if extra space is required for the project)
    - - Obtain a phase-by-phase estimate of human and machine effort by
        
        summing the expected effort for the tasks within each phase.
      - Multiply the effort expressed in hours by the appropriate hourly rate to obtain a phase-by-phase estimate of systems development expenditure.
  - - - Automated techniques for cost estimation of projects at each phase of information system development are available
        
        for these IS divided into main components and set of cost drivers established
        After all the drivers are defined, the program will develop cost estimates of
        the information system and total project.
        
        Components
        
        • Execution time constraints
        
        • Main storage constraints
        
        • Data storage constraints
        
        • Computer access
        
        • The target machine used for development
        
        • The security environment
        
        • Staff experience
        
        • Source code language