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physics (Alex) (Force (newtons) (vector) (turning effect (Moment (Nm) =…
physics (Alex)
Force (newtons) (vector)
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1st Law (inertia): if no external force is actin on it, an object will remains unchanged (stationary or in constant velocity)
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3rd law: force exists in action and reaction pairs. 1. same type of force 2. opposite in direction 3. equal in magnitude
Hooke's laws: F = kx
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Definition: extension of a spring is proportional to the load applied to it, provided the limit of proportionality is not exceeded
Heat
thermal process
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conduction: movement of heat when objects are touching each other by vibrating atoms in non metal solids or free electrons in metals
water is a poor heat conductor : no free electrons to pass the kinetic energy. Heat can only be transferred through vibration of particles
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Radiation: hot objects emit infrared radiation which can travel across vaccum like all electromagnetic waves
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changes of state
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heating curve: solid, melting, liquid, boiling, gas
cooling curve: condensing, liquid, freezing, solid
evaporation
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evaporation happens at a lower temperature below boiling point while a liquid boils at its boiling point
cooling of liquid. Why? escape of more energetic molecules from, surface of a liquid. Molecules with less energy will be left behind.
how it occurs?
some molecules gain more kinetic energy during collisions. They can overcome attractive forces and escape from the surface
factors: temperature, surface area, air flow over the surface
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Gas
Brownian motion: smoke or pollen grains are hit by air molecules and vibrate randomly. This shows gas particles move at random.
Pressure due to gas
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temperature increases --> pressure increases: higher average speed, higher collisions per second, higher force exerted on the walls