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Chapter 4
Cognition (Human Factor Implications of Working Memory Limits…
Chapter 4
Cognition
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Guidelines in perception
- Maximize bottom-up processing
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- Maximize automaticity and unitization
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e.g. use familiar fonts, lowercase text, meaningful icons, words rather than abbreviations.
- Maximize top-down processing
(when bottom-up may be poor)
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Be wary of conspiracy
- driving at night encountering unexpected roadway construction
Long-term memory
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Can be distinguished by semantic memory (for general knowledge) & event memory (for facts or procedures).
Ability for Retrieval
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Associations
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e.g. sound of a foreign word is associated with another word with a similar sound to a native speaker.
Have their own strength, like individual items. Also can become weaker if not repeated.
Forgetting
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Memory retrieval fails due to:
- Weak strength from low frequency / recency
- Weak / few associations with other information
- interfering associations
Limits of Working Memory
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Chunk is unit for working memory space, defined by physical and cognitive properties that bind items within the chunk.
e.g.:
"X, F, D, U" = 4 chunks
"DOOR" = 1 chunk
Benefits of chunking
Reduces number of items in working memory, increases capacity of storage
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reduction of working mem items = more easily rehearsed = more likely to be transferred to long term mem.
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Strength of information decays over time, unless periodically reactivated / pulsed (maintenance rehearsal)
Half-life of working mem items:
- stored in 3 chunks = 7 seconds
- stored in 1 chunk = 70 seconds
- Confusability and Similarity
High confusability similarity between items = as representation decays before reactivation , more likely that details will be gone.
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If resources are fully diverted to concurrent task, decay is more rapid.
If diverted to task similar material, added confusion is lethal to working mem.
e.g. remember phone no. while tracking basketball scores
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