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macro-environment (forecasting (range (is where organisations have less…

- - - - income distribution
      - lifestyle changes
      - changing cultures and demographics (e.g.ageing population in western societies)
      - consumerism
      - changes in culture and fashion
      - social networks within an organizational field(e.e. with regulators, campaign groups, trade unions)
      - sociogram(一张图）
        
        network density
        
        central hub positions
        
        broker positions
    - - business cycles
        
        kithchin(3-4 year)
        
        Juglar(7-11)
        
        Kuznets(15-25)
      - interest rate
      - personal disposable income
      - exchange rates
      - unemployment rates
      - differential growth rates around the world
      - Some industries are particularly vulnerable to economic cycles
        
        Discretionary spend industries (e.g. housing, cars).
        High fixed cost industries (e.g. airlines, hotels).
    - - 三种挑战
        
        product stewardship
        
        sustainable development
        
        direct pollution obligations
    - - government policies
      - taxation changes
      - foreign trade regulations
      - political risk in foreign markets
      - changes in trade blocks(e/g/BREXIT)
      - exposure to civil society organizations (e.g. social media)
      - political risk analysis
        
        internal-external dimension
        
        macro-micro dimension
    - - labour, environmental and consumer regulations
      - rules on ownership
      - competition regulations
      - taxation and reporting requirements
      - regulation of corporate governance
      - informal
        
        varieties of capitalism
        
        liberal market economies 自由市场经济( US, UK)
        
        coordinated market economics 协调市场经济( Japan, Germany)
        
        developmental market economies 发展市场经济(China, India)