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Renaissance (Breakthroughs (Use of oil on canvas allowed greater variety…
Renaissance
History
Early Renaissance
Began in Florence, Italy in the 14th century, and spread to the rest of Europe during the 15th and 16th centuries.
In the late 1300s, Florence had become a rich city. Wealthy merchants and businessmen had the money to hire artisans and craftspeople and so art began to flourish.
The most influential of these wealthy businessmen were the Medici family, which ruled Florence throughout the Renaissance and banked figures such as Michelangelo, Raphael, Donatello, and Leonardo da Vinci.
The city-states of Italy, positioned on the Mediterranean Sea, were centers for trade and commerce, the first port of call for both goods and new ideas.
Artists like Massaccio, Donatello and Botticelli start to move away from medieval art, by creating art focused on myth, such as the Birth of Venus (1486).
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Northern Renaissance
The movement spreads to the North, gaining influence in Western Europe, where they master oil on canvas.
Highlights are Jan van Eyck, Bosch, Pieter Bruegel, Holbein and Durer.
Breakthroughs
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Linear perspective means the largest objects will be the ones close to the eye, not the most important.
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Pyramidal configuration means that to create a sense of balance in the figure they were arranged like pyramids.
Artists
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Northern Renaissance
Bosch (1450-1516)
Born at the time of the First European Witch Hunts, his paintings are often religious, with graphic portrayals of hell, influenced by the likes of Dante.
Fear of sin, death and punishment are common ideas in his works
Saint Anthony often appeared, since Bosch was believed to suffer from Saint Anthony's fire which caused hallucinations.
Famous works are: The Garden of Earthly Delights, The Last Judgement, etc.
Very little is known about his life, so we don't know if he was insane, high, very creative, or (most likely) inspired by medieval art.
Humanism
The printing press, which arrived in Venice in 1469, allowed the spread of Humanist ideas
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Some humanists like Thomas More and Christine de Pizan imagined better societies and how to achieve them.
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He most likely took inspiration from drolleries, small grotesque art found at the margins of some manuscripts.