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水腫與寡尿 (edema (systemic edema (angioedema 常因過敏引起, CHF edema呈現central…

- - - - PE
        
        lab
        
        image
        
        懷疑急性下肢水腫 D-dimer/doppler sonography
        
        懷疑心臟疾病 BNP/EKG/CXR/cardiac echogram
        
        懷疑肝病 liver enzyme/PT/abdominal echogram
        
        懷疑腎病 spot urine protein to Cr ratio/lipid profile
      - 全身各系統
  - - - DVT
        
        Virchow's triad-change flow / change wall / change constituents
        
        risk factors-年輕女性 / 抽菸 / 吃避孕藥 / 腎病症候群 / Virchow's triad
        
        該側肢體急性紅腫熱痛
        
        D-dimer / doppler sonogram / venogram(gold standard)
        
        先給抗凝血劑heparin warfarin
    - - venous insufficiency
        
        瓣膜閉鎖不全靜脈回流不全
        
        risk factors-女性 / 肥胖 / 久站 / 抽菸
        
        下肢水腫靜脈屈張色素沉積
        
        彈性襪
    - - lymphedema
        
        手術時破壞或移除淋巴結導致
        
        運動按摩穿彈性襪
        
        腫脹如象腿
      - 藥物
        
        抗高血壓藥物 beta blocker / clonidine / calcium blockers
        
        女性荷爾蒙
        
        NSAID
        
        others
      - venous compression of pelvic tumor
      - myxedema
    - - Iliac-vein compression syndrome (May-Thurner syndrome)
- - - - pre-renal
      - renal
      - post-renal