Personality
Freud
Psychosexual stages
Oral
Anal
Genital
Phallic
Latency
Birth to age 1 - Infants excplore new objects with mouth. Infants derive pleasure and learn through the mouth.
Age 2 - Infants learning to gain control over bowels. Frustraion or relief can come through learning to regulate bodily impulses.
Age 3 - 6 - Children derive pleasure and experience conflicting feelings through genital play. Learning to distinguish between sexes. Develop curiosity about sex and birth, attempting to understand the process through fantasies.
Opedius complex - young boys wish to poses their mother
Age 7 - Puberty - Physical forces devop to inhibit sexual drive and redirect energy to socially acceptable activities such as sport, intellectual interests and peer relations. Not really considered a genuine psychosexual stage
Castration anxiety - Boys percieves father compettion for mothers love, Dissonance occurs and child fears phsyical retaliation from father.
Electra complex - Girls abandon mother and attempt to poses father. Devlop penis envy
Penis envy - A sense of inferiority. Girls feel frustration towards the mother for castration. Re-identify with mother after feelings of dispair
Puberty onwards - Genital organs mature, sexual and aggresive desires develop. Seek out member of the opposite sex. People seek to satisfy sexual drives through gentailia and reproduction.
Carl Jung
Libido
Libido
Emotional & Psychic energy derived from the biological drive of sexuality
Undifferentiated life energy - Libido is an appetite that may refer to sexuality and to other hungers as well.It manifests itself in striving, desiring and willing.
Adler
Adler theory of child order personality
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Second Child
Feels the need to catch up to older sibling. Often dream of running to catch things. Have a tendency to competitive and ambitious, may surpass older siblings in achievement and motivation. Not as concerned with power
Last born
More sociable and dependent. However may strive for excellence superiority in an effort to surpass older siblings. may be seen as spoiled, papmered and helpless.
Ony children
Tend to be more like older children, enjoy being the center of attention. Because they spend more time with adults, they tend to mature sooner and adopt adult like behaviours earlier in life. May also be papmered which is a curse
Middle child
Show a combination of the characteristics of oldest and youngest children. If space far apart, they are more like only children
Rollo May
Myths
A narrative of patterns that give significance to our existance.
May believed Myths give meaning to our lives and help us make sense of the world. In the absecnce of myths, we see the rise anxiety, deppressions, cults, substance abuse.
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Cognitive behavoiural therapies and mindfulness
Oldest child
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Intrapsychic is within the Psyche
Finalism
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Horney
unconcious
Personal unconcious
Collective unconscious
Land that is not always covered by the sea and can be reclaimed. Here resides perceptions, thoughts, feelings and memories that have been put aside. Also includes repressed memories. Experiences in the unconciuos are grouped into to clusters known as complex's. A complex is an organised group of thought's feelings and memories about a particular concept. A complex has constellating power, which means it can draw new ideas into itself and interpret them. A complex may be organised around a person or object, such as mothering.
The collective unconcious is shared, transpersonal, consisting of the many personalities we all have in common with each other. All humans have certain things in common, we live in groups and develop some form of family life or society in which roles are assigned to various members. These roles may vary across societys, however they exist in all human groups. All people share certain emotions such as anger, grief, happiness and love.
Superiority from inferiority influencing style of life
Inferiority is traced back to infancy where we are incompetent and unable to survive without assistance. Striving for superiority involves mastering ones environment. Adler also referred to superiority as perfection which means complete or whole. To cope with ones environment and gain superiority, a person develops a style of life which is often formed by age 5 and genuinely remains constant throughout life. One person may seek intellectual pursuits where another may seek to develop themselves physically. This style of life influences how we see the world. A person can change their style of life however only with great effort and self-examination. Style of life results from a combination of two factors; The inner goal orientation of the individual with its particular fictional finalism and the forces of the environment that affect the direction of the individual. Ech individuals style of life is also unique because of our inner self and it's constucts
Human behaviour has purpose, the goals that a person persues is known as finalism
Fictional finalism
Fiction is to invent. Fiction are a persons interpretation of events. We are unable to have a complete understanding as reality as it is, therefore we construct our own reality This is fictional finalism. Furthermore, we are unable to know if our goals will come to be achieved, this is fictional finalism.
Frued & Jung focused their theories on the Intrapsychic aspects of people. Focus here is on sexual and biological drives
Interpsychic is between people
Adler, stack and sullivan focused their theories on Interpsychic. Focus here is on social and cultural relationships
More intelligent, Achievement orientated, Conforming & Affiliative. Strive to regain glory taken by younger siblings, as such, are concerned with power. May express this desire through the need to lead or protect others. Often dream of falling (dethronment)
Fromm
The basic human condition
isolated. Knowing that we going to die leads to dispair as many people find death incomprehensible and unjust. People either work together to fufil each others needs or escape the burden of freedom into new dependancies or submission. Escape may eliviate fear but will not meet the needs of humanity or lead to optimal personality development
Escape mechanisms
Destructiveness
Automaton conformity
Authoritarianism
Escape freedom through submitting to a new form of domination. Individuals may permit other to dominate them or may seek to dominate and control others. A common belief is that ones life is determined by forces outside a persons control and the only way to be happy is to submit to those forces
Offers escape through the elimination of others or the outside world. Destruction is the last and most desperate attempt to save ones self from being crushed by the world. Destruction is often rationalised or masked as love, duty, conscience or patriotism
People cease to be themselves and adopt the type of personality proffere by the culture in which they live. Individuals are like chameleons and may no longer feel alone but lose themselves (loss of the self)
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Real self
Tranny of the shoulds
Instead of meeting genuie needs, neurotic individuals create false ones. A person may believe that an idealised self does not feel jelousy so they deny that part of themselves from real experiences.
Ideal self
Represents what we are and the things that are true about us
Represents what we think we should be. In healthy people, the real self and Ideal self coincide as a person takes a realistic assessment of their abilities and potentials.
Erikson
Eight stages of Psycho-social development
6 - 11 yrs - Indusrty vs inferiority: Competence
12 - 18 yrs - Identity vs role confusion: Fidelity
3 - 5 yrs - Initiative vs guilt: Purpose
18 - 24 yrs - Intamacy vs isolation: Love
2 - 3 yrs - Autonomy vs shame and doubt: Will
25 - 64 yrs - Generativity vs stagnation: Care
Birth - 2 yrs - Trust vs mistrust: Hope
65 yrs - death - Ego integrity vs despair: Wisdom
Hope represents a persistent conviction that our wishes can be satisfied in spite of dissapointment and failure.Hope is the basis of faith, reflected in mature commitments.
Will is a natural growth of autonomy. Will is an unbroken determination to exercise freedom of choice and self restraint.
Purpose. A view of the future giving direction and focus to our mutual efforts. Purposefulness slowly enables one to develop a sense of reality that is defined by what is attainable.
Competence enatils the abilty to use ones intelligence and skill to complete tasks that are of value in ones society.
Fidelity consists of the ability to sustain loyaltiesfreely pledged in spite of the inevitable contradictions of value systems.
Young adults ready to transform love recieved as a child and begin caring for others.
Adults need to be needed. Care is implies doing something for somebody.
Wisdom enables a person to bring life to an appropriate closure through reflection.
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Stone center
Relation cultural theory
Developed to understand womens experience, now focusing on understanding all human experience
Connections
Disconnections
Connections are the basic origin of growth. Humans seek connections, in order to connect well, people must be capable of empathy which is too understand and experience other people feelings and thoughts whilst being aware of your own. Empathy is central to connecting with others, it creates awareness and clarity about about the meaning of other peoples experiences.
Discconnections derail us and create psychologial problems. Disconnections are felt when people are unable to engage in mutual empathetic and empowering relationships. Minor disconnections may lead to improved connections if they can be discussed safely, increasing awareness. Disconnected people risk becoming psychologically isolated.
Neurobiological research suggests that connections are important for brain development and that people are hard wired for connection.
reproductive mothring
A process by which the mother-daughter relationship instills in the daughter maternal capacities and a desire to take on the role of mother in future relationships
Skinner
Overt behaviour
Skinner felt personality was superfluous and that overt behaviour could be comprehended in terms of responses to environmental factors. Attempting to explain behaviour in terms of structures such as personality was fiction as they could not be directly observed
Dollard
Habits
Drives
Reinforcers
A learned association between a stimulus and a response that makes them occur together frequently. Habits are temporary because they can appear and dissapear. Becasue they are learned, they can also be unlearned
A strong stimulation that produces discomfort such as hunger.
is an event that increases the likelihood of a particular response
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Bandura
Process of observational learning
Role of reinforcement in observational learning
Attentional processes
Three factors that influence modeling
Extrinsic reinforcement
Attributes of the observer
Retention processes
Reward consequence associated with the behaviour
Motor production processes
Motivational process
Intrinsic reinforcement
self reinforcement
vicarious reinforcement
Maslow
Hierarchy of needs
being needs
deficiency needs
Physiological needs
belonging and love
Safety
Self esteem
Self-actualisation
CBT takes a psycotherapy approach to therapy, focusing on rational logical thinking to analyse specific neurtoic problems with a patient. CBT recognises nature, nurture and environmental factors in the assessment of patient issues. Mindfulness involves focusing on changing the context of thoughts. We often identify with our thoughts and feelings rather than seeing them as reactions. If we think we are stupid then we may believe thins instead of trying to prove or disprove this. Mindfulness in CBT involves the noting of thoughts and feelings without becoming enmeshed in them. We should view them as passing leaves in a stream, accept the thoughts and emotionsand difusing from judgements
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Rogers
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Congruence
Incongruence
effects of Denial & Distortion
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Angentic perspective
Human agency
Characteristics of the model
The ability to act and make things happen. People are producers and producst of thier environment
intentionality
Forethought
act purposefully
anticpate outcomes
Self reactiveness
allows to motivate and regulate actions
Self reflectiveness
ability to reflect on thoughts and behaviours & change as required.
see's people as agents or originators of their of experience. Causal influences go both ways and people are more than reactive organism,s shaped by their environment.
Symbolised experience
denied or distorted experience
Experiences that do not fit with the self concept are denied or distorted instead of being accepted into out concious.
When symbolised experiences reflect the actual experience of the organism we have congruence.
Incongruence occurs when we deny experience as they dont fit with the ideal self construct, this may result in maladjustment
When we symbolise an experience by accepting it into our concious and organise it into a relationship with the self
Schema
Automatic thoughts
cognitive distortions
Cognitive structures that consist of individual core fundamental beliefs and assumptions about how the world operates
Involuntary and unitentional. Occur at preconcious level and are difficult to stop or regulate
Appear during psychological distress
Contorlled thoughts
Voluntary, intentiional & fully concious, easier to regulate
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