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Lesson 7 (Gospel Connections (Weightier Matters (The weightier matters to…

- - - - Schools exert influence on children by
        their educational programs leading to achievement,
        their formal organization, introducing students to authority,
        the social relationships that evolve in the classroom.
      - The school’s function in the United States can be described as
        universal in that it is open to all,
        formal in that it is methodical, and
        prescriptive in that it provides directions based on custom.
    - - For a democracy to function, its educational policy must involve educating citizens to discuss and compromise on issues pertaining to them as individuals and as a group, to select competent leaders to rule by the will of the majority, and
        to evaluate the equity of the rules as well as the leaders’ implementation of them.
      - School funding is influenced by values of equality of opportunity, concepts of knowledge and skills required for the future, and affordability of programs and curricula. Educational policies are generally under the jurisdiction of the states, rather than the federal government; as a result, expenditures per pupil vary widely throughout the country, among and even within states.
      - traditional values of the society (specifically, the majority ethnic group) are imparted via the school curriculum and classroom management.
      - The first amendment to the Constitution guarantees freedom of religion and requires separation of church and state. this means educational policy mandates that public schools cannot promote a particular religion, nor can they inhibit religious beliefs. the word “God” is in many government documents, such as the Declaration of Independence and money.
      - Advances in science and technology have affected not only school curricula but also the methods of teaching
      - Technological aids for teaching include television, video recorders and players, computers, and other digital devices, such as ipads. Most of these are interactive, enabling children to enhance learning and develop skills.
    - - Since individual schools difer in how these policies are implemented, families are allowed to choose among schools for three reasons: 1.School choice is consistent with a democratic form of government that promotes freedom. 2.Choice will foster competition among schools to better educate students. 3.
        Individual students will be more empowered to succeed in some schools than in others.
      - Magnet school - a public school that offers special educational programs, such as science, music, or performing arts, and draws students from different neighborhoods by choice.
      - School voucher - a certificate issued by the federal government in the amount the local school district would normally spend on a given child’s education at his or her assigned public school, which parents can apply toward tuition at a private school or use for reimbursement for home schooling expenses.
      - Charter school - a school, authorized and funded by a public school district, formed by a group of parents, teachers, or other community members with a shared educational philosophy.
    - - Cultural assimilation - the process whereby a minority (subordinate) cultural group takes on the characteristics of the majority (dominant) cultural group.
      - Melting pot - the idea that society should socialize diverse groups
      - Cultural pluralism mutual appreciation and understanding of various cultures and coexistence in society of different languages, religious beliefs, and lifestyles.
      - Disability - reduction in the functioning of a particular body part or organ, or its absence.
      - Impairment - physical damage or deterioration
      - Handicap - something that hampers a person; a disadvantage, a hindrance.
      - Handicapism - assumptions and practices that promote the deferential and unequal treatment of people because they are different physically, mentally, or behaviorally
      - Inclusion - the educational philosophy that all children are entitled to participate fully in their school and community.
      - Individualized Education Program (IEP) - a form of communication between school and family, developed by the group of people (teacher, parent, and other involved personnel) responsible for the education of a child with special need.
    - - A1983 report, titled A Nation at Risk: The Imperative for Educational Reform, by the National Commission on Excellence in Education (NCEE), helped create a public demand for change in the public schools.
      - The NClB act: increases accountability for states, school districts, and schools, provides greater choice for parents and students, particularly those attending low-performance or unsafe schools,
        gives more flexibility to states and local educational agencies (lEas) in the use of federal education dollars, and mandates a stronger emphasis on reading, language arts, mathematics, and science.
      - The Common Core State Standards Initiative is a state-led effort that established a single set of clear educational standards for kindergarten through 12th grade in English language arts and mathematics that states voluntarily adopt. The standards are designed to ensure that students graduating from high school are prepared to enter credit-bearing entry courses in two- or four-year college programs or enter the workforce.
    - - Schooling for the future includes being prepared for the world of work and technological
        change.
      - The computer is an interactive tool that can enhance learning in a variety of subjects. It can present and store information, motivate and reward learners, diagnose and prescribe, provide drill and practice, and individualize instruction.
      - Computers contribute to schooling for the future in that they can individualize instruction to accommodate different learning styles; they can be used for routine tasks, thereby freeing teachers to provide more creative ones; they can help develop self-directed learners, logical or hypothetical thinkers, and problem solvers; and they can provide access to infinite information.
    - - NClB, has identified ways for schools to participate in promoting the health of children and preventing substance abuse:
        The school must provide factual information about the harmful effects of drugs,Collaboration with parents and community members must occur in order to support and strengthen students’ resistance to substances, The school should provide such services as confidential identification, assessment, and referral to appropriate treatment programs for users and abusers, and
        Substance use should be monitored within the school, establishing clear guidelines and penalties for usage.
    - - Learning style - a consistent pattern of behavior and performance by which an individual approaches educational experiences
    - - Students’ connections with their schools to be associated with:
        School size. The smaller the school (below 600 pupils), the more connected students felt.
        Discipline policies. Harsh discipline, such as zero tolerance, made students feel less connected, though safer.
        Student friendships. adolescents are more connected to school when they have more friends there, because they are less socially isolated.