Sciences
Human Sciences
Natural Sciences
Scientific Method
Observation
Hypothesis
Experiment
Measurement
Repeatability
Induction
Theory
Law
To Induce
To derive by reasoning
To lead to something as:
Conclusion
Inference
To suggest
Imply
Inferring a general law
Problems with Scientific Method
Observation
Selectivity
Expectations
Observer Effect
Hypothesis
Confirmation Bias
Law
Problem with induction
Observer Effect
Act of observation can sometimes affect what we observe
Examples
Biology
Physics
Chemistry
Psychology
Expectations
Can influence what we see
Looking for evidence that confirms one's beliefs and overlook evidence that goes against them
We move from the observed to the unobserved
Generalizations
Pseudo-Science
Examples
Acupuncture
Astrology
Crystology
Feng Shui
Karl Popper
Falsification
AJ Ayer, British Philosopher
Perhaps the action can be explained in terms of someone’s intention, or by reference to social norms, or some combination of the two.
Consciousness
Human scientists are concerned with organisms that are
Compiling a set of laws to account for the behavior of humans is, for the most part, virtually impossible
We all act in a different way for different reasons.
Observer and what is being observed
Natural Sciences ≠
Human Sciences =
Observer Effect
Tendency to people to behave differently when they are being observed
Examples
Law
Psychology
Economics
Sociology
Philosophy
Business studies
Measurement
Stream of Consciousness
Behaviourism
Experiments
Human scientists are often trying to make sense of complex real-world situations in which it is simply impossible to run controlled experiments
The artificiality of some of the experiments that can be conducted may distort the behavior of the participants
There are ethical reasons for not conducting experiments that have a negative effect on the people who participate in them
Law
Law of Large Numbers
Fallacies
Post hoc ergo propter hoc
Good Experiment
Controllability
Measurability
Repeatability
Testing Experiment
Confirmation Bias
Background Assumptions
Problem of Induction
Theoretical problems
Practical Problems
Falsification
Conjectures
Refutations
Criticisms of Popper
Observations
Loaded Questions
Observer Effect
Go Native
Measurement
Stream of Consciousness
Behaviourism
Famous Experiments
Milgram Experiment
Stanford Prison Experiment
Selection Bias
Experimenter Expectation
Ambiguous Results
Relation with Natural Sciences
Reductionism
Holism
Verstehen Position