Sciences

Human Sciences

Natural Sciences

Scientific Method

Observation

Hypothesis

Experiment

Measurement

Repeatability

Induction

Theory

Law

To Induce

To derive by reasoning

To lead to something as:

Conclusion

Inference

To suggest

Imply

Inferring a general law

Problems with Scientific Method

Observation

Selectivity

Expectations

Observer Effect

Hypothesis

Confirmation Bias

Law

Problem with induction

Observer Effect

Act of observation can sometimes affect what we observe

Examples

Biology

Physics

Chemistry

Psychology

Expectations

Can influence what we see

Looking for evidence that confirms one's beliefs and overlook evidence that goes against them

We move from the observed to the unobserved

Generalizations

Pseudo-Science

Examples

Acupuncture

Astrology

Crystology

Feng Shui

Karl Popper

Falsification

AJ Ayer, British Philosopher

Perhaps the action can be explained in terms of someone’s intention, or by reference to social norms, or some combination of the two.

Consciousness

Human scientists are concerned with organisms that are

Compiling a set of laws to account for the behavior of humans is, for the most part, virtually impossible

We all act in a different way for different reasons.

Observer and what is being observed

Natural Sciences ≠

Human Sciences =

Observer Effect

Tendency to people to behave differently when they are being observed

Examples

Law

Psychology

Economics

Sociology

Philosophy

Business studies

Measurement

Stream of Consciousness

Behaviourism

Experiments

Human scientists are often trying to make sense of complex real-world situations in which it is simply impossible to run controlled experiments

The artificiality of some of the experiments that can be conducted may distort the behavior of the participants

There are ethical reasons for not conducting experiments that have a negative effect on the people who participate in them

Law

Law of Large Numbers

Fallacies

Post hoc ergo propter hoc

Good Experiment

Controllability

Measurability

Repeatability

Testing Experiment

Confirmation Bias

Background Assumptions

Problem of Induction

Theoretical problems

Practical Problems

Falsification

Conjectures

Refutations

Criticisms of Popper

Observations

Loaded Questions

Observer Effect

Go Native

Measurement

Stream of Consciousness

Behaviourism

Famous Experiments

Milgram Experiment

Stanford Prison Experiment

Selection Bias

Experimenter Expectation

Ambiguous Results

Relation with Natural Sciences

Reductionism

Holism

Verstehen Position