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Theory of Knowledge - Natural Sciences (Scientific Method (Step 1:…
Theory of Knowledge - Natural Sciences
Definitions
to induce - derive reasoning to lead to something as a conclusion, or inference, too suggest or imply
induction - the process of inferring a general law or principle from observation of particular instances
Scientific Method
Theory - Prediction - Experiment - Observation
Ask question - Do background research - Construct hypothesis - Test with an experiment - Analyze results/draw conclusions - Hypothesis is true or false
Step 1: Observation
Criticism: Selectivity - overlooked factors that turn relevant later on
Criticism: Expectations - expectations influence what we see
Criticism: Observer Effect - act of observation can affect what we observe
Step 2: Hypothesis
Criticism: Conformation Bias - looking for evidence that confirms the argue
Step 3: Law
Criticism: Induction - move from the observed to the unobserved
Karl Popper - Falsifiability is the assertion that for any hypothesis to have credence, it must be inherently disprovable before it can become accepted as a scientific hypothesis or theory.
Observation - Hypothesis - Experiment - Law - Theory
Science vs. Pseudo-science
Vagueness
impossible to verify or falsify vague claims
Ad hoc exceptions
a good scientific hypothesis is general in nature and does not keep making exceptions