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BIO103 Environmental Biology (Biodiversity (plants (mosses, ferns and…
BIO103 Environmental Biology
Biodiversity
microbes
protists
fungi
plants
angiosperms/flowering plants
dicot v. monocot
meristems
points of growth in plants
primary growth (monocot & dicots) have longitudinal meristem
secondary growth (dicots) have latitudinal meristems
cambium
vascular (layers of vascular bundles)
cork(bark)
monocot laves parrallel and flowers in groups of 3 parts (rather than 4-5)
water transport
mosses, ferns and gymnosperms
moss
alternate generations
gametophyte is the dominant form
live in moist environments and are dependent of water for fertilization
no internal transport systems, or internal support
limited in size
ferns
well developed vascular systems
alternate generations
sporophyte dominant
still water dependant
embreyo unprotected
gymnosperms
seed producing
seeds in cones
pollen producing, water not required
two main types, cycads and pines
sporophyte dominant
Animals
evolution
Populations
Group of interbreeding individuals of the same species
Characteristics
size
How many Individuals
sedentary species can be counted
quadrat method
N=(n1*n2)/m
N=estimated pop., n1=total day 1, n2=total day 2, m=overall total
capture recapture models for animals
density
how many per area
indicator of abundance in relation to reasources
techniques similar to size estimates
dispersion patterns noted
Random
Regular/ Uniform
Clumped/Dispersed Clumps
Demography
A statistical outlook which covers spatial or temporal changes in populations
Practical applications
biological control agents
Predators
Pathogens
Indirect Control
Maximum Sustainable Yield
Management of Rare Species
Minimum Viable Population
estimate of the smallest pop. that can be self sustaining
Population Viability Analysis
demographic information to predict pop. persistence
density dependent control
limiting factors constrain growth. the effect increases as populations rise
e.g. Disease, Competition, Predation
Density independent control
e.g Fire, Flood, Drought
Communities
Assemblages of populations
different species interactions
Competition
caused by resource shortage
complete competitors cannot co-exist
often gives rise to segregation niches
Interference competition (direct dispute of resource access) vs. Exploitative competition
different species niches
species richness=number of species in a community.
species diversity=both number of species and number of individuals in each
structural diversity= species and their growth habits
Energy Flow & Nutrient Cycling
Disturbance, Succession & Resilience
Practical Applications
Theory
Forms of Evidence
Fossil Record
periods of mass changes can be tracked
species have not remained the same over time
Comparative Anatomy
Related organisms show similarities in anatomy
Vestigial Structures persist
imperfect structures exist
Embryology
vertebrate embryos can be similar in early development
Bio-geography
Position of continents changes over time altering the climate, thus different pressures to adapt to
an explanation of similarities/differences in biota based on the time of continental separation.
Genetics/molecular Biology
Artificial Selection
indicates the capacity to mold structure
Observed Selection
genetic changes parallels that of fossil evidence
How it Occurs
Variation
sexual reproduction enhances variation
meiosis/mendelian genetics
mutations
most neutral, some harmful, but few are beneficial
Genetic Drift
Natural Selection
the process
• This is natural selection
• Those whose variations best suit the environment mostly survive & breed
• Few survive to breed
• That variation is heritable
•Individuals within populations vary
migration
adds or removes genes from the pool
Speciation
Allopatric Speciation
geographic barriers
separated populations evolve from reproductive isolation
Sympatric Speciation
meiotic error or hybridization
selection types
disruptive selection
lots of selective pressure, evolutionary changes are occurring rapidly
stabilizing selection
very few changes that need adaption, traits are constant
directional selection
selective pressure is constant, evolutionary change noticeable
Relevance
Pest control
antibiotic resistance
monoculture issues
inbreeding depressions
genetic bottleneck
Environments
Inland Aquatic
Marine
Terrestrial
Case Studies
Lead-Beaters Possum
Crown of Thorns Starfish
