Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
History study 2019 Semester 1 (The Interwar years (The Treaty of…
History study 2019 Semester 1
The Interwar years
The Treaty of Versailles
WW1 has ended
9.7 Million soldiers killed
6.8 Million civillians killed
Terms of the treaty for Germany
Forbidden to ally with Austria
Disarmament: they couldn't have more than 100,000 men in their army, The manpower of the navy was not to exceed 15,000 men.
They lost land
They had to disarm the Rhineland (Land between France and Germany
They had to pay war reperations
They could not join the league of nations
Germany had to accept all guilt and responsibility for the war
What different world leaders who signed the treaty wanted out of it
France: Clemenceau
Wanted Germany crippled militarily and economically
France wanted a weakened Germany so Germany would not be a threat to them
USA: Woodrow Wilson
Believed in reconciliation among european powers
Endorsed league of nations
Wanted peace and disarmerment
Britain: David Lloyd George
Publicly promised to make Germany pay
Wanted safety for France (ally)
Italy: Vittorio Orlando
They wanted the land they had captured in WW1
They did not get this land as they had been allied with Germany at the start of the war (Although they never fought with Germany)
Japan: Hara Takashi
Some German colonies
Complete control of China
A racial equality clause in the League of nations rules and regulations
League of nations
Mass Production and the great depression
Production increase
During the great war, production needed to increase to support the war
After the war (1920s) the world had new ways to produce goods fast and cheap.
This meant that people enjoyed a greater standard of living and therefore felt optimistic about the future
The roaring 20s
Chain stores evolved
Factories were powered by electricity
A term used to describe the optimism and economic prosperity after WW1
Women experienced greater freedom
Work more freely and male dominated industries.
Wear more revealing and bolder clothings
They could vote
Smoke, drink, dance
Have a greater social presence
Biggest developments
Electricity
Assembly line
Improved medicine
Radio
Refrigeration
The greater depression
Started in 1929 and lasted through the 30s (Economic depression)
Wall street crash
October 29th 1929
Value of the US stock market decreased by 47%
This lead to:
Businesses and banks going broke
Poverty and hunger
Mass unemployment
Government investment in:
‘Dole’ schemes and rationing of goods
Major building projects, to get people working
Factors
Stocks
People bought shares in companies (often loaned money from banks to do so) expecting to make a profit.
Those companies decreased in value, and the value of peoples shares started to decrease.
People sold them back but didn't get enough money to pay back loans
Eventually, no one would buy shares in a failed company, and people were stuck with a failed investment they couldn't sell
Overproduction
Factories and farms wanted money, so they began to produce too many goods
The price of the goods therefore decreased
This made businesses lose money, so they began to lay off workers. Many lost their jobs
Loans
To other governments (mainly from america) and to individuals
Banks wanted all loans paid back suddenly when they realised the debt they were in
This caused financial stress on individuals and countries
Farming and drought
There was drought in the US around this time
This lead to even worse conditions for farmers and their employees
Effects of different countries
US hurt badly as the largest economy in the world
Europe and Australia hit hard; borrowed money from the US
Germany hit worst; currency became worthless
Japan hit pretty hard, which weakened their democratic government and gave military leaders more reasons for military expansion
Soviet union was largely unaffected because they didn't engage in global trade that much
Rise of Fascism
Political spectrum
Right wing
Extreme: Fascism
Traditional social policy
Favour capitalism + social inequality
Left wing
Extreme: Communism
Progressive social policy
Equality, human rights
Fascism: about and features
An extreme right wing view of strong economic policy and control over people
Features:
Is a one-party state (anti democratic)
Has a strong leader to attract and demand loyalty
Extreme nationalism (A belief of national superiority)
Controls peoples lives and the economy; avoids dependance on other countries
Military strength is used to expand + keep people in line
A total rejection of socialism and communism (extreme left)
How it rose in Europe
With the economic struggles of the great depression, people didn't want to have to wait for issues to be resolved through multi-party democracies and debates
New ideas were introduced that said the voice of the people was unreliable and the government should just make decisions for them.
People wanted powerful economies again
Specific examples
Italy
Felt left out of the treaty of versailles
Elected Mussolini (A fascist dictator) in 1924 and followed Germany into WW2
Germany
People became angry
Hitler took advantage of these feelings to come into power in 1933
Perceived failure of the Weimar republic
Spain
Civil war in 20s and 30s due to economic problems
Elected a fascist dictator (General Franco)
Sided with Germany in WW2 but didn't take an active role in the war
Rise of Hitler + Nazi Germany
Post WW1, people in Germany believed their government had betrayed them by signing the peace treaty, and that Germany could have won the war.
Hitler
Hitler was born on April 20th 1889
Hitler loved his mother, who died when he was 18. His father was strict and died when he was 14.
School
Attended a Benedictine monastery school where he took part in the choir.
When it was time to choose a secondary school, Adolf wanted to become an artist.
His father wanted him to become a civil servant, but after his father died, he dropped out of high school and attempted to get into the Vienna Academy of Fine Arts - he failed (1907).
He failed twice at getting into the academy of fine arts
Became a homeless drifter in Vienna when he was 19
While in Vienna:
Heard the antisemitic talks against Jews
Got his first taste of politics
Became interested in the idea of german nationalism
Hitler left Austria at 24 to avoid mandatory military service
He signed up for military in Germany at the start of WW1 (in the Bavarian unit)
He went temporarily blind from a grenade
After WW1 he felt cheated and though Germany could have won
He believed the war ended because of a Jewish/Marxist conspiracy
Hitler Political career
Started in 1919 in the German workers party
Nazis (Beginning)
Hitler began to think big for the German Worker’s Party.
Began placing ads for meetings in anti-Semitic newspapers.
Hitler changed the name to National Socialist German Worker’s Party or the NAZIS
Beliefs of the NAZI party
Restore the "glory of Germany" through military means and "racial purity"
Took the approach the the war ended because Germany was stabbed in the back by their government
Anti-communist, fascist, racist, Anti-Semitic, anti-democracy
Munich Putsch (coup)
30th of October 1923
Hitler held a rally in Munich and blamed others for the problems of Germany
Convinced 2000 men to march on the Bavarian government with him. It failed and Hitler was imprisoned.
He used his trial to gain popularity
He was sentenced to 5 years but only served 9 months.
Mein Kampf
Means "my struggle" in English
He talked about Big lies, and that if you tell a big lie enough times, people will believe you
Written from prison
Methods to gain support of the people that he wrote about
MUST CONTROL THE MASSES – that’s where the power and momentum is
PROPAGANDA – It’s ok to lie for your cause
THE SPOKEN WORD – Dramatically spoken words have more impact than written words
MASS MEETINGS - People need to feel the bandwagon effect
BRUTE FORCE – If you really believe something, force is justifiable
He also laid out his belief in the master race, and his belief that Germany must expand via war to gain more living space
Jews (lies in mein kampf
Great depression was caused by Jewish peopl
Jews are trying to contaminate German bloodlines
All communists are Jewish people and all jewish people are communist
Jewish people were responsible for Germanys surrender in WW1
Rise in popularity in the great depression
1920s
After being ignored during the 1920s, the Nazi party becomes popular during the worldwide depression.
Hitler called himself “Der Fuhrer” – the leader and shouts “Sieg Heil” or Hail Victory.
Hitler used storm troopers to whip up excitement, beat up Communists and terrorized Jewish people
Speeches claimed “a vote for me is a vote for dictatorship” and “we are intolerant”
Reasons people supported him
Germany was in the midst of an economic depression with hyperinflation
Hitler was a WW I hero who talked about bringing glory back to the “Fatherland”
He promised the rich industrialists that he would end any communist threat in Germany
Constantly blamed Jews for Germany’s problems, not the German people.
Hitler was an excellent public speaker.
Hitler was given the position of chancellor by Hindenburg in 1933
Votes for the Nazis
1930 = 18% of vote
1932 = 30% of vote
Intimidation tactics start
Brownshirts/Storm troopers
Threatened to hurt anti-nazi voters and Jews
Numbered 400,000 by 1932 and wore brown shirts, pants and boots
Used to attack opposition parties
1932-1933: People questioned the tactics of the Nazis, so Hitler made a show of dismantling German democracy using German democracy
Hitler becoming a dictator
“Reichstag fire” gives Hitler total power (7 days before the election the Reichstag burned-killing many of Hitler’s opponents. Claimed it was the Communists, actually the Nazis)
In 1933, all parties were outlawed except the Nazi party.
Passed the Enabling Act – allowed him to rule by decree
People’s civil rights were suspended
Created new gov’t called Third Reich
“Night of the Long Knives”
Started to introduce laws to further his goals
Tax Jews more
Secret Police (Gustapo)
Censorship
Hitler Youth
Limited interracial marriage
Everyone must trace family roots
The night of broken glass - Jews were arrested and killed, and shops owned by Jewish people were ram sacked and glass smashed
More restriction on Jewish citizenship
Death of Hindenburg
On the 2nd of August 1934 President dies
As result of his death the offices of Chancellor and President are combine into a single position
Hitler became the head of military services with all personnel swearing an oath to him
With Hindenburg’s death Hitler (and not by an election) became Der Fuhrer of the German State.
Invasion of Poland and Appeasement
Invasion of Poland
Reasons
Hitler wanted living space for Germany
Faked prosecution of German speaking people in east Poland
He also staged a phoney invasion of Germany using his troops in Polish uniforms
Goals
He hoped to gain more control of Europe
Started working Jews to death
He hoped it would not anger Britain and France (Hoped they would remain neutral)
Began on 1st of September 1939
Tactics
Blitzkrieg: Armoured divisions smashed through enemy lines and isolated segments of the enemy, which were encircled and captured by motorised German infrantry
Luftwaffe: Sophisticated German air force indiscriminately bombed Polish cities
Russian part
Russia got east Poland in this deal
Poland thought Russia might support them from the east (they didn't know Stalin's a bitch)
Stalin and Hitler had a non-agression pact that included the invasion of Poland (saying they would do it together)
Soviet agression started on 17th of September, Poland was shocked
Imperialistic Japan
WW2
The Holocaust
The three types of camps
Labour camps: Labour that was meant to work people to death and provide free labour
Concentration camps: Were marketed at reeducation camps for dissedents and others to become full/good Germans but not many people actually left those camps. Often death camp attached.
Death camps: Just for killing, often attached to other camps
Groups targeted
Jewish people
Roma
Homosexuals
Slavic people
People of colour
Disabled people
Rights and freedoms
Exam
Source analysis
Extended response
Short response