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International Society
The Globalisation of International Society…
- International Society
The Globalisation of International Society
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The World in 1492
At this point in human history, Europe was not the most powerful part of the world shaping the international order. The Middle Kingdom, the Ottoman Empire and the Mughal Empire were more significant centers of regional international orders
The Atlantic World, 1492-1821
The early modern economy of the Atlantic region was dominated by a 'triangular trade' between raw materials, manufactured goods and slaves.
Origins: Rational States
One of the crucial features of the modern era (c.1500-1945) was the emergence of the 'rational' state which facilitated internal control and external expansion and which replaced empires as the standard form of organisation of political space
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Origins: Imperialism
The need to protect access to raw materials and markets - as well as the self-generating logic of great power competition - impelled European powers (followed by Japan and the USA) towards control of lands and peoples beyond the borders of their own states
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The Concert of Europe
From 1815 to 1914 the Great Powers (Russia, France, Britain, Prussia/Germany, Austria/Austria-Hungary) governed international society through the 'Concert of Europe' shaping the European and emerging global orders in the process to the exclusion of non-European powers, notably the Ottoman Empire and Manchu China
The Partition of Africa, 1878-1936
Competition and cooperation between European powers in Africa (along with, in some instances, the collusion of local elites) led to agreements between the European great powers to regulate the partition of the continent into colonies, protectorates and spheres of influence.
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De-colonisation, c. 1947-75
Following de-colonisation, the concept of international society remained in place but with an expanded membership (51 UN members in 1945 compared to 193 in 2017). In this way the original international order created by European expansion shaped the global order we know today, even if many post-colonial states remain chronically weak and conflict-prone and the effects on indigenous peoples have been stark
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CONCLUSIONS
The notion of 'international society' was shaped during the era of European expansion from c.1500-1945 and refers to a collection of norms and values associated with powerful sovereign states
But exporting this model of society has led to historic and contemporary difficulties in international relations and IR
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It has had a massive impact on formerly colonised and indigenous peoples across the globe and some call for IR to be decolonised too