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Geography - Case Studies !!! Y9 EOY (Case Study : Hurricane Katrina …
Geography - Case Studies !!! Y9 EOY
CASE STUDY : CHILE 2010 vs NEPAL 2015
(how levels of development affect impact of tectonic hazard)
Nepal
HDI : 145th out of 187 countries
GDP : 109th out of 193 countries
Effects
Secondary
Avalanche on Everest killed 19
Avalanche left 250 missing
Roads blocked by landslides, hampering relief efforts
Primary
1.4 million without food, water or shelter for days - weeks after
$5bn overall cost
7,000 schools destroyed
3 million homeless
20,000 injured
9,000 killed
Responses
Long term
Heritage sites re-opened to boost tourism
Landslides cleared
Roads repaired
Short term
300,000 people migrated to Kathmandu for shelter / support
Helicopters delivered supplies to villages that had been cut off by landslides
UK + India + China sent rescues teams and water/medical supplies promptly
Magnitude
7.9 (Richter Scale)
80km North - West of Capital (Kathmandu)
What Type : Destructive Plate Margin
When : 2015 (Apr 25)
Which Plates : Indo-Australian and Eurasian plates
Chile
HDI : 41st out of 187 countries
GDP : 38th out of 193 countries
Responses
Long term
President announced it could take as little as 4 years to fully recover
Strong economy based on copper exports, didn't require much foreign aid
Housing reconstruction planned to help nearly 200,000 a month after
Short term
National appeal raised $60mn
Power and water restored to 90% of homes in 10 days
Temporary repairs to route 5 highway within 24 hours, enabling transport of aid from Santiago to remote communities
Emergency services and international help supplied field hospitals
Effects
Secondary
Coastal towns and Pacific countries affected by tsunami (It happened just off the coast)
1500km of roads destroyed by landslides - cutting off remote communities
Primary
$30 bn overall
Santiago airport badly damaged, hampering international aid efforts
4,500 schools destroyed
Over 200,000 houses destroyed
12,000 injured
500 killed
Magnitude
8.8 (Richter Scale)
Just off coast of central Chile
When : 2010 (Feb 27)
Which Plates :Nazca plate subducted beneath South American
What Type : Destructive Plate Margin
Case Study : Hurricane Katrina
Category 5
Storm surges over 6m high
New Orleans affected the worst (80% flooded)
Social
Homelessness :
800,000 housing units
destroyed
Millions of people were forced to take refuge in the Super bowl
This lead to extreme conditions - diseases and illnesses
Water : Drinking water system was contaminated so disease spread easily
(Cholera, diarrhea)
More money spent on medication and doctors
Deaths :
Over 1500 people
lost their lives
Economic
Looting : Criminal gangs roamed the streets
looting homes and stealing valuables
from other places.
Insurance - Approximately
$40 billion
were spent just on insurance, as people had applied for car, house, pet, health insurance and the government had to pay for new jobs, homes etc.
Damage : Around
$300 billion worth of damage
was caused. Many houses and business were destroyed.
Environmental
Flooding : New Orleans and other states were
left below sea level
, as their levees broke due to the severity of Hurricane Katrina - causing flooding.
Dead Crops: Many crops were destroyed and meant that there
wasn't enough food
to provide for the entire community
Responses
Long term
Emergency aid services have been made more efficient
Roughly $17bn for rebuilding damaged houses and infrastructure
Roughly 200 miles of flood walls and levees strengthened or replaced
Short term
UK government sent food aid
$50bn in aid from government
National Guard mobilised to restore and maintain law and order
Deforestation : Malaysia CASE STUDY
Causes of Deforestation
Logging
1980s : Became world's biggest tropical timber exporter
*Road building
Roads are needed
to provide access to mining area, settlements and energy projects
to bring in machinery
export timber
*Energy development (Bakun Dam in Sarawak)
Only began generating in 2011
50 years of delay
Due to controversies surrounding it
Reservoir flooded 700km2 of forest and farmland
Several more planned to provide for industrialised Peninsular Malaysia
*Population pressure
Moving into the countryside (transmigration) used to be heavily promoted to decrease population of rapidly growing cities
15,000 hectares of rain forest felled for settlers to set up plantation from 1950 - 1980
Subsistence farming
Slash and burn can get out of control
Commercial farming
Largest exporter of palm oil in the world
10 year tax incentives encouraging land use as plantations
Mineral extraction
Tin mining / smelting is common
Land required for roads and mines
Drilling for oil / gas becoming a larger issue in Borneo
Impacts
*Soil erosion
Roots of trees / plants binds soil together
Soil more easily eroded due to deforestation
Biodiversity loss
Destroys ecosystem
Destroys ground and tree based habitats
*Climate change
Transpiration - Trees give off moisture
Deforestation reduces moisture in air
DRIER CLIMATE
Evaporation uses up heat and cools air
Deforestation stops cooling from occuring
TEMPERATURES RISE
Increased CO2 as trees can't absorb
GLOBAL WARMING ACCELERATED
*Economic development
Short term economic gains - Long terms losses
Gains
More jobs
Taxes improve local public services
Transport infrastructure improved
Losses
Water shortages
Pollution of sources
Drier climate
Medically beneficial plants may go extinct
Deforestation is the deliberate and often permanent cutting down of trees, often on a very large scale
Living in the desert : Thar desert CASE STUDY
Challenges to development
*Extreme temperatures
Livestock / Cattle need shade
Water shortages due to high rates of evaporation
Very hard to work outside, especially for farmers
Exceeds 50 degrees in Summer
*Water supply
Water is scarce and demand is increasing
Strong winds cause high rates of evaporation
Low annual rainfall
Farming industry developed
Population growing
*Inaccessibility
Dangerously crowded buses
Most places only accessible by camel
Limited road network
Sand blows over roads
Tarmac melts
Development opportunities
*Mineral extraction
Valuable reserves of minerals and stone which can be used and exported across the world
Gypsum
Making plaster for construction industry
Making cement
Reserves of marble quarried near Jodhpur
*Energy development
India's largest wind farm
Jailsalmer Wind Park constructed 2001
Extensive lignite coal deposits
Large oil field in Barmer District
Has potential to benefit local economy
*Farming
Commercial farming made possible by irrigation
Indira Ghandi Canal in 1958
Over 3500km2 irrigated by the same canal
Tourism
Popular tourist destination
Annual Desert Festival
Locals benefit by accommodating, guiding or looking after and rearing camels
Desert safaris, particularly in Jailsalmer
10,000s / year many from Pakistan
Renewable energy scheme in a LIC : Chambamontera CASE STUDY
Micro - hydro scheme
Water harnessed to generate HEP
Bypass channels water away from river, generates electricity, then returning water to river
Allows flow to be regulated
Benefits
Environmental
Reduced deforestation as alternative source of energy
Reduced danger of flooding as flow can be regulated
Economic
Scheme will last minimum 25 years
Business development
Water from pipes can be used for coffee dehusking and processing
Social
Healthcare improved as medicines such as vaccines can be stored cold
Reduction in rural-urban migration / brain drain
Total cost of $51,000
Average cost of $750 per family
MEFT
EWI
SLERP MC