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Concpetual analysis in translation. Conceptual metaphors (Conceptual…

- - - - An ontological metaphor an activity, emotion, or idea, is represented as something concrete, such as an object, substance, container, or person.
        
        My fear of insects is driving my wife crazy.
        That was a beautiful catch.
        We are working toward peace.
        DuPont has a lot of political power in Delaware
        The pressure of his responsibilities caused his breakdown.
        THE MIND IS A MACHINE
        My mind just isn't operating today.
        THE MIND IS A BRITTLE OBJECT
        Her ego is very fragile.
    - - A structural metaphor is a conventional metaphor in which one concept is understood and expressed in terms of another structured, sharply defined concept
        
        Structural metaphor is one of the three overlapping categories of conceptual metaphors identified by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson in Metaphors We Live By (1980). (The other two categories are orientational metaphor and ontological metaphor.) "Each individual structural metaphor is internally consistent," say Lakoff and Johnson, and it "imposes a consistent structure on the concept it structures."
        
        ARGUMENT IS WAR metaphor because the metaphor is built into the conceptual system of the culture in which you live. Not only are all the "rational" arguments that are assumed to actually live up to the ideal of RATIONAL ARGUMENT conceived of in terms of WAR.
        
        He attacked every weak point in my argument.
        His criticisms were right on target.
        I demolished his argument.
    - - we talk spatial orientation: up-down, in-out, front-back, on-off, deep-shallow, central-peripheral.
        -have bodies they function as they do in our physical environment.
        Orientational metaphors give a concept a spatial orientation; for example, HAPPY IS UP. The fact that the concept HAPPY is oriented uP leads to English expressions like "I'm feeling up today." Such metaphorical
        
        HAPPY IS UP; SAD IS DOWN
        I'm feeling up.
        That boosted my spirits.
        My spirits rose.
        You're in high spirits. Thinking about her always gives me a lift.
        I'm feeling down.
        I'm depressed.
        He's really low these days.
        I fell into a depression.
        My spirits sank.
        
        CONSCIOUS IS UP; UNCONSCIOUS IS DOWN
        Get up. Wake up. I'm up already. He sank into a coma.