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Translation sociology. (III. Michaela Wolf and her studies (M. Wolf…

- - - - • Toury called attention to the relevance of norms for translator training institutes, and remarked on the importance of feedback. Translators undergo a socialisation process during which feedback procedures, motivated by norms, are assimilated.
        
        • Theo Hermans further developed the norm concept by focusing on its broader, social function, and particularly stressed its relevance in relation to power and ideology. He claimed that translation was seen “as a complex transaction taking place in a communicative, socio-cultural context”.
        
        Of particular relevance for sociological approaches to translation is what has been termed the cultural turn in TS.
        In TS, the cultural turn signals a move away from textual concerns (primarily seen in terms of equivalence and faithfulness of the translation to the original text) towards wider cultural concerns and the study of how translations function in their cultures of destination, and towards notions of cultural manipulation, ideology and power.
- - - - Habitus is essentially the way in which the culture of a particular social group is embodied in the individual, during the socialisation process beginning in early childhood.
        Habitus is, "society written into the body, into the biological individual"
        
        Habitus is both structured and structuring. On the one hand, it is the product of our position in the social structure. On the other hand, it shapes our thoughts and actions ('practice'), which also maintain (reproduce) the social structure.
      - Fields. Society is made-up of many different social fields (e.g. economy, education, politics, culture), with the political field being dominant. Field's comprise individuals in a hierarchy of power relations, competing with one another for valuable resources, or what he calls, capital
      - Capital is a resource, a form of wealth, which individuals who possess it can invest in different fields to acquire power or some other valuable resource, like educational qualifications. There are four main types of capital:
        1) economic (e.g. financial wealth);
        2) cultural (the cultural skills and competences which society recognises as legitimate, e.g. formal qualifications and recognised titles);
        3) symbolic (basically social honour, and prestige);
        4) social (e.g. useful social connections).